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<ul>'''Anschließende Strukturen:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Schlüsselbein|SCHLÜSSELBEIN]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Oberarmknochen|OBERARMKNOCHEN]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Rippen|RIPPEN]]</li></ul>
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<ul>'''Following structures:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Schlüsselbein|SCHLÜSSELBEIN]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Oberarmknochen|OBERARMKNOCHEN]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Rippen|RIPPEN]]</li></ul>
 
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<ul>'''Übergeordnete Strukturen:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Schultergürtel|SCHULTERGÜRTEL]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Obere Extremität|KNOCHEN OBERE EXTREMITÄT]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Obere Extremität|OBERE EXTREMITÄT]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|KÖRPERREGIONEN]]</li></ul></div>
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<ul>'''Superordinated structures:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Schultergürtel|SCHULTERGÜRTEL]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Obere Extremität|KNOCHEN OBERE EXTREMITÄT]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Obere Extremität|OBERE EXTREMITÄT]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|KÖRPERREGIONEN]]</li></ul></div>
 
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<td>cauda - "tail"</td>
 
<td>cauda - "tail"</td>
 
<td>Located on the coccyx</td>
 
<td>Located on the coccyx</td>
−
<td>downward >/td>
+
<td>downward </td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
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</table>
 
</table>
  
−
=== Designations in relation to the median plane==
+
=== Designations in relation to the median plane===
  
 
<table class="lage">
 
<table class="lage">
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<td>internus</td>
 
<td>internus</td>
 
<td>internal - "internal"</td>
 
<td>internal - "internal"</td>
−
<td> located inside<7td>
+
<td> located inside</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
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<td>extendere - stretch, expand</td>
 
<td>extendere - stretch, expand</td>
 
<td>the stretcher</td>
 
<td>the stretcher</td>
−
<stretching</td>
+
<td>stretching</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
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<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>rostral</td>
 
<td>rostral</td>
−
<rostum - "beak"
+
<td>rostum - "beak"</td>
 
<td> located at the front of the head</td>
 
<td> located at the front of the head</td>
 
<td> towards the mouth</td>
 
<td> towards the mouth</td>
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<td>oris - "mouth"</td>
 
<td>oris - "mouth"</td>
 
<td> belonging to the mouth</td>
 
<td> belonging to the mouth</td>
−
</td>in the mouth</td>
+
<td>in the mouth</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
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<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>sagittal</td>
 
<td>sagittal</td>
−
<td>sagitta - "Pfeil"</td>
+
<td>sagitta - "arrow"</td>
−
<td>in Richtung der Pfeilnaht gelegen</td>
+
<td> located in the direction of the sagittal suture</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
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<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>coronal</td>
 
<td>coronal</td>
−
<td>corona - "Krone, Kranz"</td>
+
<td>corona - "crown, wreath"</td>
−
<td>in Richtung der Kranznaht liegend</td>
+
<td>lying in the direction of the wreath seam</td>
−
<td>zur Krone ghörend</td>
+
<td> belonging to the crown</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
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<td>basilar</td>
 
<td>basilar</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
−
<td>zur Schädelbasis gehörend</td>
+
<td> belonging to the base of the skull</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
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</table>
 
</table>
  
−
==Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen an den Extremitäteb==
+
== Position and direction designations on the extremities==
  
 
<table class="lage">
 
<table class="lage">
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>Anatomische Bezeichnung</td>
+
<td>Anatomical name</td>
−
<td>Lateinischer Ursprung</td>
+
<td>Latin origin</td>
−
<td>Bedeutung</td>
+
<td>meaning</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
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<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>dorsal</td>
 
<td>dorsal</td>
−
<td>dorsum manus - "Handrücken"</td>
+
<td>dorsum manus - "back of the hand"</td>
−
<td>zum Hand-/Fußrücken gelegen</td>
+
<td>situated at the back of the hand or foot</td>
−
<td>zur Rückseite der Hand/des Fußes gelegen</td>
+
<td> located to the back of the hand/foot</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>palmar</td>
 
<td>palmar</td>
−
<td>palma manus - "Handfläche"</td>
+
<td>palma manus - "palm of the hand"</td>
−
<td>handflächenseitig</td>
+
<td> palm side</td>
−
<td>zur Handfäläche hin gelegen</td>
+
<td> facing the palm of the hand</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>plantar</td>
 
<td>plantar</td>
−
<td>planta pedis - "Fußsohle"</td>
+
<td>planta pedis - "sole of foot"</td>
−
<td>fußsohlenseitig</td>
+
<td> on the sole of the foot</td>
−
<td>zur Fußsohle hin gelegen</td>
+
<td> situated towards the sole of the foot</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>axial</td>
 
<td>axial</td>
−
<td>axis - "Achse"</td>
+
<td>axis - "axis"</td>
−
<td>zu einer gedachten Achse in einer Gliedmaße gelegen</td>
+
<td>situated on an imaginary axis in a limb</td>
−
<td>in Richtung einer Achse</td>
+
<td>in direction of an axis</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
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<td>abaxial</td>
 
<td>abaxial</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
−
<td>von einer gedachten Achse in einer Gliedmaße weg</td>
+
<td>off an imaginary axis in a limb away</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
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<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>ulnar</td>
 
<td>ulnar</td>
−
<td>ulna - "Elle"</td>
+
<td>ulna </td>
−
<td>zur Elle hin gelegn</td>
+
<td> towards the ulna </td>
−
<td>ulnarseitig gelegen</td>
+
<td>ulnar-sided</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>radial</td>
 
<td>radial</td>
−
<td>radius - "Strahl"</td>
+
<td>radius </td>
−
<td>zur Speiche hin gelegen</td>
+
<td> located towards the spoke</td>
−
<td>radiusseitig gelegen</td>
+
<td> located on the radius side</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>tibial</td>
 
<td>tibial</td>
−
<td>tibia - "Schienbein</td>
+
<td>Tibia - "shinbone"</td>
−
<td>zum Schienbein hin gelegn</td>
+
<td> towards the tibia</td>
−
<td>schienbeinseitig gelegen</td>
+
<td> located on the shin side</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
<td>fibular</td>
 
<td>fibular</td>
−
<td>fibula - "Spange"</td>
+
<td>fibula - "brace"</td>
−
<td>zum Wadenbein hin gelegen</td>
+
<td> towards the fibula</td>
−
<td>wadenbeinseitig gelegen</td>
+
<td> situated on the fibula side</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
</table>
 
</table>
  
−
==Lage und Richtungsbezeichnungen bei Körperhöhlen==
+
==Location and direction designations for body cavities==
  
 
<table class="lage">
 
<table class="lage">
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>Anatomische Bezeichnung</td>
+
<td>Anatomical name</td>
−
<td>Lateinischer Ursprung</td>
+
<td>Latin origin</td>
−
<td>Bedeutung</td>
+
<td>meaning</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
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<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>parietal</td>
 
<td>parietal</td>
−
<td>paries - "Wand"</td>
+
<td>paries - "wall"</td>
−
<td>zur Organwand/Leibeswand hin gelegen</td>
+
<td> located towards the organ wall/limb wall</td>
 
<td></td>
 
<td></td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>viszeral</td>
+
<td>visceral</td>
−
<td>viscera - Eingeweide</td>
+
<td>viscera - "viscera"</td>
−
<td>zu den Eingeweiden hingelegen</td>
+
<td> lie down towards the intestines</td>
−
<td>zu den Eingeweiden gehörend</td>
+
<td> belonging to the intestines</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>thorakal</td>
+
<td>thoracic</td>
−
<td>thorax - "Brustkorb"</td>
+
<td>Thorax - "rib cage"</td>
−
<td>zum Brustkorb gehörend</td>
+
<td> belonging to the thorax</td>
−
<td>am Brustkorb</td>
+
<td>on the rib cage</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
−
<td>intrathorakal</td>
+
<td>intrathoracic</td>
−
<td>intra - "innerhalb"; thorax - "Brustkorb"</td>
+
<td>intra - "inside"; thorax - "chest"</td>
−
<td>innerhalb des Brustkorbs</td>
+
<td>inside the ribcage</td>
−
<td>innerhalb der Thoraxhöhle gelgen</td>
+
<td> inside the thoracic cavity</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>abdominal</td>
 
<td>abdominal</td>
−
<td>abdomen - "Bauch"</td>
+
<td>abdomen - "belly"</td>
−
<td>am/im Bauch gelegen</td>
+
<td>Lying on the stomach</td>
−
<td>den Buachram betreffend</td>
+
<td>concerning the Bauchraum</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>intraabdominal</td>
 
<td>intraabdominal</td>
−
<td>intra - "innerhalb"; abdomen - "Bauch"</td>
+
<td>intra - "inside"; abdomen - "belly"</td>
−
<td>innerhalb der Bauchhöle</td>
+
<td>inside the abdomen</td>
−
<td>innerhalb des Bauchraums gelegen</td>
+
<td> located inside the abdomen</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>intraperitoneal</td>
 
<td>intraperitoneal</td>
−
<td>intra - "innerhalb"; peritoneum - "bauchfell"</td>
+
<td>intra - "within"; peritoneum - "peritoneum"</td>
−
<td>innerhalb der Peritonealhöhle gelegen</td>
+
<td>situated inside the peritoneal cavity</td>
−
<td>innerhalb der Bauchhöhle im Bereich des Bauchfells</td>
+
<td>inside the abdominal cavity in the area of the peritoneum</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
  
 
</table>
 
</table>
  
−
==Hauptebenen und Hauptachsen am menschlichen Körper==
+
== Main planes and main axes on the human body==
  
−
Durch den menschlichen Körpen, können beliebig Viele Achsen udn Ebenen gelegt werden. Um einheitliche Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen zu ermöglichen, werden in der Regen drei Haupachsen und -ebenen definiert. Die Achsen und Ebenen sind senkrecht zu einander ausgerichtet.
+
Through the human body, any number of axes and planes can be laid. In order to enable uniform position and direction designations, three main axes and planes are defined in the rain. The axes and planes are aligned perpendicular to each other.
  
−
===Hauptebenen===
+
=== Main planes===
−
====Sagittalebene====
+
====Sagittal plane====
−
Sagittalebenen sind alle vertikal ausgerichteten Ebenen. Sie liegen parallel zur Sutura sagittalis (Pfeilnaht) des Schädels. Beim stehenden menschen verlaufen diese Ebenen von ventral nach dorsal. Die Mediansagittalebene befindet sich genau in der Mitte des Körpers und teilt den Körper in zwei seitengleiche Hälften.
+
Sagittal planes are all vertically oriented planes. They are parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull. In a standing person these planes run from ventral to dorsal. The median sagittal plane is located exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two halves that are equal on either side.
  
−
====Frontalebene====
+
==== Frontal plane====
−
Die Ebenen, die parallel zur Stirm verlaufen, sind Frontalebenen. Im Stand des Menschens ziehen diese Ebenen vertikal von einer Körperseite zu der anderen.
+
The planes that are parallel to the forehead are frontal planes. When the person is standing, these planes move vertically from one side of the body to the other.
  
−
====Transversalebene====
+
====Transversal plane====
−
Die Transversalebenen verlaufen horizontal. Sie teilen den Körper jeweils in einen kranialen und kaudalen Teil. Diese Ebenen liegen senkrecht zur Körperlängsachse.
+
The transverse planes run horizontally. They divide the body into a cranial and a caudal part. These planes are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the body.
  
−
===Hauptachsen===
+
===Main axes===
−
====Longitudinalachse (Längsachse)====
+
====Longitudinal axis (longitudinal axis)====
−
Die Longitudinalachse zieht sich in kranial-kaudaler Richtung im aurechten Stand durch den Menschen. Diese Achse steht senkrecht zum Boden. Im Bereich, wo Sagittal- und Forntalebene Zusammentreffen bildet sich die Längsachse.
+
The longitudinal axis runs through the human body in a cranial-caudal direction in the right position. This axis is perpendicular to the ground. In the area where the sagittal and the forntal plane meet, the longitudinal axis is formed.
  
−
====Sagittalachse====
+
====Sagittal axis====
−
Diese Achse verläuft ventral-dorsal und zieht damit von der Körpervorderseite zur Körperrückseite. Sie stellt den Schnittachse der Saggital- und Transversalebene.
+
This axis runs ventral-dorsal and thus moves from the front of the body to the back of the body. It represents the intersection of the saggital and transverse planes.
  
−
====Transversalachse (Querachse)====
+
====Transversal axis====
−
Durch das aufeinander Treffn der Frontal- und Transversalebene bildet sich die Transversalachse. Sie zieht also von links nach rechts durch den Körper und ist parallel zum Boden.
+
The transverse axis is formed by the meeting of the frontal and transverse planes. It passes through the body from left to right and is parallel to the ground.
  
 
<!-- ==Freies Explorieren==
 
<!-- ==Freies Explorieren==
 
<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="SchulterblattFrau" src="segmenter:t4pvumUWkygk" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>-->
 
<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="SchulterblattFrau" src="segmenter:t4pvumUWkygk" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>-->
  
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Schauen Sie sich die Struktur des Schulterblatts in 3D an und explorieren Sie sie frei. Danach können Sie Ihr erlerntes Wissen durch die Übungsaufgaben überprüfen.</div>
+
<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the planes and axes of the human body in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.</div>
 
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<ul class="center"> <li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|ÜBUNGSAUFGABEN]]</li></ul></div>
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<ul>'''Weitere Artikel:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|BECKENGÜRTEL]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Humerus|OBERARMKNOCHEN]]</li></ul>
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<ul>'''Weiterführende Links:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulterblatt WIKIPEDIA - SCHULTERBLATT]</li></ul>
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<ul>'''Furher links:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulterblatt WIKIPEDIA - SCHULTERBLATT]</li></ul>
 
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Aktuelle Version vom 4. November 2020, 12:33 Uhr

By means of position and directional markings on the body, positions, layouts and courses on the body are described. These are different from colloquial designations such as "above" and "below", regardless of the position of the body, for example lying or standing

  • ÜBUNGSAUFGABEN

    • Introduction

    On living bodies there are extended position and directional designations. These serve to provide an exact description of the position, direction and progression of anatomical structures. In contrast to colloquial position words like "above" and "below", the description is independent of the position of the body. In order to recognize the correct position or direction, the basic anatomical position is sometimes necessary. This is the case when a person stands upright, his hands are supinated (palm facing forward), the eyes are straight ahead and the feet are parallel.
    . The human being belongs like many animals to the Bilateria (two-sided animals). That means the body is bilaterally symmetrical and has two mirror-image halves. The median plane represents the mirror plane. This is the only symmetry plane in the body of a bilateral.

    Main anatomical directions

    Anatomical name Latin origin Meaning
    dorsal dorsum - "back" backwards lying on the back
    ventral venter - "belly" bellywards situated on the stomach
    cranial cranium - "skull" belonging to the head towards the skull
    caudal cauda - "tail" Located on the coccyx downward
    distal distare - "be removed" lying far from the trunk from the center of the body
    proximal proximus - "next" close to the trunk from the center of the body
    (Deviation of the meaning in dentistry)

    Designations in relation to the median plane

    Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
    median medium - "middle" located approximately in the median plane lying in the middle
    paramedian clearly located next to the median plane clearly beside the middle
    medial/medius medius - "middle" located towards the median plane towards the middle
    lateral latus - " site" located to the side from the middle
    ipsilateral/homolateral ipse - "the same"; latus - "side" on the same half of the body on the same side
    contralateral contra - "against"; latus - "side" on the opposite side of the body on the opposite side
    dexter dextrum - "right" right
    sinister sinistrum - "left" links
    transversal transversus - "transverse transverse to axis
    longitudinal longitudo - "length" lengthwise referred to the vertical axis
    horizontal horizontally located horizontally running

    Further position and direction designations

    Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
    vertical vertex - "vertex" line from crest to sole
    postcranial below/behind the skull concerning the torso and limbs
    terminal terminal - "end" located at the end during the end
    profund profundus - "deep" located in the depth of the body located in deeper, less surface tissues
    superficial superficialis - "superficial" located close to the surface located on the surface
    apical apex - "peak" located at the top to the peak
    basal forming the basis located to base
    intracorporal intra - "within"; corpus - "body" inside the body
    ektop not at the physiological location situated in the wrong place
    peripheral away from the centre far from the body trunk
    central centrum - "center point" lying in the center towards the inside of the body
    periphericus towards the surface of the body
    externus externus - "external" outside
    internus internal - "internal" located inside

    Position and direction markings on the trunk

    Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
    anterior anterius - "front" ahead further ahead
    posterior posterius - "rear" lying at the back further back
    inferior inferius - lower lying down further down
    superior superius - higher lying on top further up
    retrosternal retro - behind; sternum - sternum behind the sternum
    parasternal adjacent to the sternum
    transversus transversus- "transverse, oblique" the crossroads
    flexor flectere - "bend, bend" the bender diffraction
    extensor extendere - stretch, expand the stretcher stretching

    Position and direction designations on the head

    Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
    rostral rostum - "beak" located at the front of the head towards the mouth
    oral oris - "mouth" belonging to the mouth in the mouth
    aboral lying away from the mouth located towards the anus
    occipital occiput - "back of the head" belonging to the back of the head down to the neck
    temporal Tempus - " Temple" sleepy located towards the temple
    nasal nasus - "nose" nasal belonging to the nose
    sagittal sagitta - "arrow" located in the direction of the sagittal suture
    coronal corona - "crown, wreath" lying in the direction of the wreath seam belonging to the crown
    basilar belonging to the base of the skull

    Position and direction designations on the extremities

    Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
    dorsal dorsum manus - "back of the hand" situated at the back of the hand or foot located to the back of the hand/foot
    palmar palma manus - "palm of the hand" palm side facing the palm of the hand
    plantar planta pedis - "sole of foot" on the sole of the foot situated towards the sole of the foot
    axial axis - "axis" situated on an imaginary axis in a limb in direction of an axis
    abaxial off an imaginary axis in a limb away
    ulnar ulna towards the ulna ulnar-sided
    radial radius located towards the spoke located on the radius side
    tibial Tibia - "shinbone" towards the tibia located on the shin side
    fibular fibula - "brace" towards the fibula situated on the fibula side

    Location and direction designations for body cavities

    Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
    parietal paries - "wall" located towards the organ wall/limb wall
    visceral viscera - "viscera" lie down towards the intestines belonging to the intestines
    thoracic Thorax - "rib cage" belonging to the thorax on the rib cage
    intrathoracic intra - "inside"; thorax - "chest" inside the ribcage inside the thoracic cavity
    abdominal abdomen - "belly" Lying on the stomach concerning the Bauchraum
    intraabdominal intra - "inside"; abdomen - "belly" inside the abdomen located inside the abdomen
    intraperitoneal intra - "within"; peritoneum - "peritoneum" situated inside the peritoneal cavity inside the abdominal cavity in the area of the peritoneum

    Main planes and main axes on the human body

    Through the human body, any number of axes and planes can be laid. In order to enable uniform position and direction designations, three main axes and planes are defined in the rain. The axes and planes are aligned perpendicular to each other.

    Main planes

    Sagittal plane

    Sagittal planes are all vertically oriented planes. They are parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull. In a standing person these planes run from ventral to dorsal. The median sagittal plane is located exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two halves that are equal on either side.

    Frontal plane

    The planes that are parallel to the forehead are frontal planes. When the person is standing, these planes move vertically from one side of the body to the other.

    Transversal plane

    The transverse planes run horizontally. They divide the body into a cranial and a caudal part. These planes are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the body.

    Main axes

    Longitudinal axis (longitudinal axis)

    The longitudinal axis runs through the human body in a cranial-caudal direction in the right position. This axis is perpendicular to the ground. In the area where the sagittal and the forntal plane meet, the longitudinal axis is formed.

    Sagittal axis

    This axis runs ventral-dorsal and thus moves from the front of the body to the back of the body. It represents the intersection of the saggital and transverse planes.

    Transversal axis

    The transverse axis is formed by the meeting of the frontal and transverse planes. It passes through the body from left to right and is parallel to the ground.


    Look at the planes and axes of the human body in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.
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