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The carpus (lat. Ossa carpi) is formed by eight short bones and represents the connection between the forearm bones and the metacarpals. The carpal bones appear in two rows of four small bones each. The rows are called distal and proximal carpal row. These bones form the bony foundation of the carpal.
 
The carpus (lat. Ossa carpi) is formed by eight short bones and represents the connection between the forearm bones and the metacarpals. The carpal bones appear in two rows of four small bones each. The rows are called distal and proximal carpal row. These bones form the bony foundation of the carpal.
 
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<ul>'''Following structures'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Unterarmknochen|Forearm bones]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Elle|Ulna]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Speiche|Radius]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Mittelhandknochen|Metacarpal bones]]</li></ul></div>
 
<ul>'''Following structures'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Unterarmknochen|Forearm bones]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Elle|Ulna]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Speiche|Radius]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Mittelhandknochen|Metacarpal bones]]</li></ul></div>
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Die Handwurzel wird durch acht kurze Knochen gebildet. Diese treten in zwei Reihen mit jeweils vier Knochen auf. Die kurzen Knochen weisen gegensätzlich zu Röhrenknochen wie Fingerknochen keinen Hohlraum und keinen Knochenschaft auf. Die Beweglichkeit der Knochen zueinander ist stark eingegrenzt, da sie durch  Bänder stabil miteinander verbunden sind.<br>
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The carpus is formed by eight short bones. These appear in two rows of four bones each. In contrast to tubular bones such as phalanges, the short bones have no hollow space and no bone shaft. The mobility of the bones to each other is strongly limited, because they are connected by ligaments.<br>.
Charakteristisch für die Anordnung der Handwurzelknochen ist eine von der Seite ersichtliche Wölbung in Richtung des Handrückens. So wird an der Handinnenfläche der Karpaltunnel gebildet.
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Characteristic for the arrangement of the carpal bones is a curvature in the direction of the back of the hand which can be seen from the side. This is how the carpal tunnel is formed on the palm of the hand.
 
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===Proximale Handwurzelreihe===
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===Proximal carpal row===
 
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<lightbox-embedding src="File:ProximaleHandwurzelreihe.png" group="image-group-2" caption="Anatomie der proximalen Handwurzelreihe" width="500" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="File:ProximaleHandwurzelreihe.png" group="image-group-2" caption="Anatomy of the proximal carpal row" width="500" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 
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Anatomie der proximalen Handwurzelreihe</div>
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Anatomy of the proximal carpal row</div>
 
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'''Os scaphoideum'''<br>
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'''Os scaphoideum''' <br>
Das Os scaphoideum wird auf deutsch auch Kahnbein genannt. Er ist ein sechsseitiger Knochen, der sich an der radialen Seite der Handwurzel befindet. Das Kahnbein ist der zweitgrößte Knochen in der Handwurzel. Der Knochen bildet die Verbindung zum distalen Ende des Radius. An der distalen Seite des Kahnbeins schließen sich das Os trapezium, das Os trapezoideum und das Os capitatum an. Das Os lunatum dagegen steht in Richtung der Elle in Verbindung mit dem Os scaphoideum.
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The Os scaphoideum is also called scaphoid bone. It is a six-sided bone located on the radial side of the carpus. The scaphoid bone is the second largest bone in the carpal. The bone forms the connection to the distal end of the radius. The distal end of the scaphoid is connected to the Os trapezium, the Os trapezoideum and the Os capitatum. The os lunatum, on the other hand, is connected to the os scaphoideum in the direction of the ulna.
  
 
'''Os lunatum'''<br>
 
'''Os lunatum'''<br>
Unter dem Os lunatum versteht man auch das Mondbein. Der Name stammt von der halbmondförmigen Struktur des kurzen Knochens. Durch ihn entsteht eine Verbindung zur distalen Fläche des Radius. Des Weiteren befinden sich nach distal sowohl das Os hamatum als als auch das Os capitatum. Das Os scaphoideum dagegen schließt sich nach radial an das Mondbein an und das Os triquetrum nach ulnar.
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The os lunatum also refers to the lunatum bone. The name comes from the crescent-shaped structure of the short bone. It creates a connection to the distal surface of the radius. Furthermore, both the os hamatum and the os capitatum are located distally. The os scaphoideum is radially connected to the lunar bone and the os triquetrum to ulnar.
  
'''Os triquetrum'''<br>
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'''Os triquetrum''' <br>
Das Os triquetrum bzw. Deiecksbein weist eine pyramidenähnliche Form auf. Die Basis dieser Pyramide befindet sich lateral, die Spitze ist medial ausgerichtet. Der Knochen ist ulnar-seitig in der Handwurzel positioniert. An das Dreieckbein schließt sich nach ulnar das Sesambein, Os pisiforme, an. Nach radial wird es vom Os lunatum begrenzt.
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The os triquetrum or triquetral bone has a pyramid-like shape. The base of this pyramid is lateral, the tip is medially oriented. The bone is positioned ulnar-sided in the carpus. The triquetral bone is followed by the sesamoid bone, os pisiforme, after ulnar. It is radially bounded by the os lunatum.
  
 
'''Os pisiforme'''<br>
 
'''Os pisiforme'''<br>
Das Os pisiforme oder auch Erbsenbein ist der kleinste der Handwurzelknochen. Es hat eine rundliche Form und befindet sich lateral in Richtung der Ulnar. Das Erbsenbein ist komplett in die Sehne des Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris eingelagert. Durch diese Eigenschaft gehört das Os pisiforme zu den Sesambeinen. Dorsal des Erbsenbeins befindet sich das Os triquentrium.
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The os pisiforme or pisiform bone is the smallest of the carpal bones. It has a roundish shape and is located laterally towards the ulnar. The pea bone is completely embedded in the tendon of the Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris. Due to this characteristic, the os pisiforme belongs to the sesamoid bones. Dorsal of the pea leg is the os triquentrium.
 
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===Distale Handwurzelreihe===
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===Distal carpal row===
 
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<lightbox-embedding src="File:DistaleHandwurzelreihe.png" group="image-group-2" caption="Anatomie der distalen Handwurzelreihe" width="500" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="File:DistaleHandwurzelreihe.png" group="image-group-2" caption="Anatomy of the istal carpal row" width="500" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 
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Anatomie der distalen Handwurzelreihe</div>
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Anatomy of the distal carpal row</div>
 
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'''Os trapezium'''<br>
 
'''Os trapezium'''<br>
Beim Os trapezium handelt es sich um das Große Vieleckbein. Der kurze Knochen hat eine eckige Form und befindet sich an der radialen Seite der Handwurzel. Das Os trapezoideum grenzt in Richtung Ulnar an das Große Vieleckbein. An der distalen Seite schließt sich das Os metacarpale I an.
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The os trapezium is also called trapezium bone. The short bone has an angular shape and is located on the radial side of the carpal. The os trapezoidum is adjacent to the great polygonal bone in the direction of the ulnar. The metacarpal bone I is located on the distal side.
  
'''Os trapezoideum'''<br>
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'''Os trapezoideum''' <br>
Das Os trapezoideum heißt im Deutschen auch kleines Vieleckbein und befindet sich ca. mittig in der distalen Handwurzelreihe. Radial zu diesem Knochen befindet sich das Os trapezium und ulnar davon das Os capitatum. In proximale Richtung schließt sich die distale Fläche des Kahnbeins an. Das Os metacarpale II artikuliert nach distal mit dem Kleinen Vieleckbein.
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The Os trapezoidum is also called trapezoid bone and is located approximately in the middle of the distal row of the carpus. Radial to this bone is the os trapezium and ulnarly of it the os capitatum. In the proximal direction the distal surface of the scaphoid is connected. The metacarpal bone II articulates distally with the small polygon bone.
  
 
'''Os capitatum'''<br>
 
'''Os capitatum'''<br>
Die deutsche Bezeichnung des Os capitatum ist Kopfbein. Es handelt sich dabei um einen deutlich abgerundeten kurzen Knochen. Er weist nach proximal eine Verbindung zu der distalen Fläche des Os scaphoideum und zum Os lunatum auf. Das Os metacarpale III schließt sich nach distal an das Kopfbein an.
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The enlish name of the os capitatum is capitate bone. It is a clearly rounded short bone. It is connected proximally to the distal surface of the scaphoid and the lunate bone. The os metacarpale III connects distally to the capitate bone.
  
 
'''Os hamatum'''<br>
 
'''Os hamatum'''<br>
Aufgrund der hakenförmigen Knochenstruktur an der palmaren Seite des Os hamatum wird der Knochen auch Hakenbein genannt. Das Hakenbein befindet sich an der lateralen Seite der Handwurzel. Nach radial wird es durch das Os capiatatum begrenzt. Die proximale Seite des Os hamatum befindet sich in einer Verbindung mit der distalen Seite des Os triquentrum. Die Os metacarpale IV und V liegen an der distalen Fläche des Os hamatum an.
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Because of the hook-shaped bone structure on the palmar side of the os hamatum, the bone is also called the hamate bone. The hamate bone is located on the lateral side of the wrist. It is radially limited by the os capiatatum. The proximal side of the os hamatum is connected to the distal side of the os triquenter. The metacarpal IV and V are located on the distal surface of the hamatum.
  
==Funktion==
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==Function==
  
Zusammen mit dem Radius und den Fingerknochen bilden die Handwurzelknochen eine funktionelle Einheit. Diese beinhaltet verschiedene Teilgelenke, die durch unterschiedliche Knochen gebildet werden. So werden verschiedene Bewegungen möglich.
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Together with the radius and phalanges, the carpal bones form a functional unit. This includes different partial joints, which are formed by different bones. This makes different movements possible.
  
==Bewegung==
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==Movement==
  
Durch die gelenkigen Verbindungen zwischen den Handwurzelknochen werden verschiedene Bewegungen der Hand möglich. So kann durch das proximale Handgelenk eine Dorsalextension durchgeführt werden. Dies ist eine Streckung um bis zu 70 Grad in Richtung des Handrückens. Die Beugung bis maximal 80 Grad in Richtung der Handfläche wird ebenfalls durch die von den Mittelhandknochen gebildeten Gelenke ermöglicht. Die Radialabduktion, Abspreizbewegung in Richtung des Daumens wird in einem Rahemn von bis zu 20 Grad möglich. Die gegensätzliche Bewegung, die Ulnarabduktion (Abspreizung in Richtung des kleinen Fingers) ist bis zu 40 Grad möglich.
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The articulated connections between the carpal bones allow different hand movements. Thus, a dorsal extension can be performed through the proximal wrist. This is an extension of up to 70 degrees in the direction of the back of the hand. Bending up to a maximum of 80 degrees in the direction of the palm is also made possible by the joints formed by the metacarpals. The radial abduction, spreading movement in the direction of the thumb is possible in a frame of up to 20 degrees. The opposite movement, ulnar abduction (spreading in the direction of the little finger) is possible up to 40 degrees.
  
==Entstehung==
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==Development==
  
Nach der Geburt entstehen die im Knorpel liegenden Knochenkerne. Diese Verknöcherung findet zeitversetzt in den verschiedenen Handwurzelknochen statt und ist in den größeren Knochen erst im ca. sechsten Lebensjahr abgeschlossen. Das Sesambein, Os pisiforme, bildet sich sogar noch deutlich später. Diese Verknöcherung findet tatsächlich erst zwischen dem achten und zwölften Lebensjahr statt.
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After birth, the core of the bone lying in the cartilage develop. This ossification takes place with a time delay in the various carpal bones and is not completed in the larger bones until around the age of six. The sesamoid bone, Os pisiforme, forms even much later. This ossification actually only takes place between the eighth and twelfth year of life.
  
==Freie Exploration==
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==Free exploration==
<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="HandwurzelknochenFrau" src="segmenter:HoH1qUgXiQY9" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>
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<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="HandwurzelknochenFrau" file="HandwurzelknochenFrau.seg" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>
  
<div style="float:left;width:50%">Schauen Sie sich die Struktur der Handwurzelknochen in 3D an und explorieren Sie sie frei. Danach können Sie Ihr erlerntes Wissen durch die Übungsaufgaben überprüfen.</div>
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the carpal bones in 3D and explore them freely. Afterwards, you can test your acquired knowledge through the exercises.</div>
 
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[[Category:Handknochen/en]]
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Aktuelle Version vom 10. Mai 2022, 12:31 Uhr

The carpus (lat. Ossa carpi) is formed by eight short bones and represents the connection between the forearm bones and the metacarpals. The carpal bones appear in two rows of four small bones each. The rows are called distal and proximal carpal row. These bones form the bony foundation of the carpal.


Anatomy

Anatomy of the carpal bones

The carpus is formed by eight short bones. These appear in two rows of four bones each. In contrast to tubular bones such as phalanges, the short bones have no hollow space and no bone shaft. The mobility of the bones to each other is strongly limited, because they are connected by ligaments.
. Characteristic for the arrangement of the carpal bones is a curvature in the direction of the back of the hand which can be seen from the side. This is how the carpal tunnel is formed on the palm of the hand.

Proximal carpal row

Anatomy of the proximal carpal row

Os scaphoideum
The Os scaphoideum is also called scaphoid bone. It is a six-sided bone located on the radial side of the carpus. The scaphoid bone is the second largest bone in the carpal. The bone forms the connection to the distal end of the radius. The distal end of the scaphoid is connected to the Os trapezium, the Os trapezoideum and the Os capitatum. The os lunatum, on the other hand, is connected to the os scaphoideum in the direction of the ulna.

Os lunatum
The os lunatum also refers to the lunatum bone. The name comes from the crescent-shaped structure of the short bone. It creates a connection to the distal surface of the radius. Furthermore, both the os hamatum and the os capitatum are located distally. The os scaphoideum is radially connected to the lunar bone and the os triquetrum to ulnar.

Os triquetrum
The os triquetrum or triquetral bone has a pyramid-like shape. The base of this pyramid is lateral, the tip is medially oriented. The bone is positioned ulnar-sided in the carpus. The triquetral bone is followed by the sesamoid bone, os pisiforme, after ulnar. It is radially bounded by the os lunatum.

Os pisiforme
The os pisiforme or pisiform bone is the smallest of the carpal bones. It has a roundish shape and is located laterally towards the ulnar. The pea bone is completely embedded in the tendon of the Musculus flexor carpi ulnaris. Due to this characteristic, the os pisiforme belongs to the sesamoid bones. Dorsal of the pea leg is the os triquentrium.

Distal carpal row

Anatomy of the distal carpal row

Os trapezium
The os trapezium is also called trapezium bone. The short bone has an angular shape and is located on the radial side of the carpal. The os trapezoidum is adjacent to the great polygonal bone in the direction of the ulnar. The metacarpal bone I is located on the distal side.

Os trapezoideum
The Os trapezoidum is also called trapezoid bone and is located approximately in the middle of the distal row of the carpus. Radial to this bone is the os trapezium and ulnarly of it the os capitatum. In the proximal direction the distal surface of the scaphoid is connected. The metacarpal bone II articulates distally with the small polygon bone.

Os capitatum
The enlish name of the os capitatum is capitate bone. It is a clearly rounded short bone. It is connected proximally to the distal surface of the scaphoid and the lunate bone. The os metacarpale III connects distally to the capitate bone.

Os hamatum
Because of the hook-shaped bone structure on the palmar side of the os hamatum, the bone is also called the hamate bone. The hamate bone is located on the lateral side of the wrist. It is radially limited by the os capiatatum. The proximal side of the os hamatum is connected to the distal side of the os triquenter. The metacarpal IV and V are located on the distal surface of the hamatum.

Function

Together with the radius and phalanges, the carpal bones form a functional unit. This includes different partial joints, which are formed by different bones. This makes different movements possible.

Movement

The articulated connections between the carpal bones allow different hand movements. Thus, a dorsal extension can be performed through the proximal wrist. This is an extension of up to 70 degrees in the direction of the back of the hand. Bending up to a maximum of 80 degrees in the direction of the palm is also made possible by the joints formed by the metacarpals. The radial abduction, spreading movement in the direction of the thumb is possible in a frame of up to 20 degrees. The opposite movement, ulnar abduction (spreading in the direction of the little finger) is possible up to 40 degrees.

Development

After birth, the core of the bone lying in the cartilage develop. This ossification takes place with a time delay in the various carpal bones and is not completed in the larger bones until around the age of six. The sesamoid bone, Os pisiforme, forms even much later. This ossification actually only takes place between the eighth and twelfth year of life.

Free exploration

Look at the structure of the carpal bones in 3D and explore them freely. Afterwards, you can test your acquired knowledge through the exercises.


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