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The upper arm bone (lat. Humerus) is a strong, straight and long tubular bone. It is the largest bone in the human arm. It forms the connection between shoulder and elbow. In general, the humerus is divided into the proximal end piece, the humeral shaft and the distal end piece.
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<div class="segmenter"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="HumerusFrau" file="HumerusFrau.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Schultergürtel|Shoulder girdle]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Röhrenknochen|Tubular bones]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Passiver Bewegungsapparat|Passive movement apperatus]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Bewegungsapparat|Movement apperatus]]</div>
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==Anatomy==
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{{ArticleGallery|
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Bild 1=<lightbox-embedding src="file:Humerus.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Upper arm bone" width="400" height="300" style=""/>|
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Weitere Bilder=<lightbox-embedding src="file:OberarmknochenDorsal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the humerus (dorsal)"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Humeruskopf.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the humeral head"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:OberarmknochenKaudal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the distal joint surface of the humerus"/>
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|title=Views of the right humerus}}
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{{ArticleGallery|
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Bild 1=<lightbox-embedding src="file:HumerusLateral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Upper arm bone" width="400" height="300" style=""/>|
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Weitere Bilder=<lightbox-embedding src="file:HumerusMedial.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the humerus (medial)"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:HumerusDorsal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Humerus dorsal"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:HumerusVentral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the humerus (ventral)"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:HumeruskopfKranial.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the humeral head (kranial)"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:DistalerHumerusKaudal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the distal joint surface of the humerus"/>  
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|title=Anatomy of the right humerus}}
  
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==Structure of the humerus==
 
  
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The humerus is articulately connected to [[Special:MyLanguage/Schulterblatt|Scapula]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Elle|Ulna]] and [[Special:MyLanguage/Speiche|Radius]].
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The humerus is articulately connected to [[Special:MyLanguage/Schulterblatt|shoulder blade]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Elle|ulna]] and [[Special:MyLanguage/Speiche|radius]].
  
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[[File:Humerus.png|500px|right|Humerus]]
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It consists of the corpus and a proximal and distal extremity. The proximal end forms the caput humeri with the adjacent neck, collum humeri. It appears slightly retracted and is also called Collum anatomicum. The distal end is formed by the condyle humeri.<br>
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At the anterior surface of the proximal extremity, the tubercle majus is located laterally and the tubercle minus medially. Between the two, there is a strong depression, the sulcus intertubercularis, which serves as a sliding rail for the tendon of the long caput of the biceps brachii.<br>
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At the posterior surface of the corpus humeri lies the sulcus n. radialis. At the distal extremity there is the medially more powerful bony protrusion Epicondylus medialis, laterally the weaker Epicondylus lateralis.<br>
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Trochlea humeri and Capitulum humeri form the Condylus humeri and serve as the joint connection with the forearm bones. Medially from the trochlea humeri runs a shallow channel, the sulcus n. ulnaris. On the posterior surface above the trochlea there is a deep pit, the olecranon fossa.
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The humerus is torqued at its proximal end, i.e. the caput is twisted about 20° backwards in relation to the axis through the epicondyli humeri (torsion). Between the longitudinal axis of the humerus and the caput there is an angle of about 130° on average, while at the distal end, between the transverse joint axis and the longitudinal axis of the humeral shaft, there is an angle of 76 to 89°.<br>
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The bony socket (Cavitas glenoidalis) of the Articulatio humeri, a ball-and-socket joint, is considerably smaller than the humeral head. The socket is enlarged by a fibrocartilaginous joint lip, labrum glenoidale. The surface area of the cavitas glenoidalis is approximately 6 cm². The weight of the upper extremity is approximately 4 kg. Since there are no stronger ligaments, the muscles that surround the joint must secure it. This is therefore called a muscle-secured joint. The so-called "rotator cuff" is part of this muscular support and strengthens the joint capsule in particular.
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The caput humeri is approximately spherical. The synovial joint capsule is attached to the labrum glenoidale of the scapula. The synovial joint capsule is attached to the labrum glenoidale of the scapula and extends along the intracapsular tendon of the long head of the biceps like a sack, enclosing it with a vagina synovialis intertubercularis, which is located in the sulcus intertubercularis.
  
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It consists of the <i>corpus</i> and a proximal and distal <i>extremitas</i>. The proximal end forms the <i>caput humeri</i> (1) with the adjacent neck, <i>collum humeri</i>. It appears slightly retracted and is also called <i>collum anatomicum</i>. The distal end is formed by the <i>condylus humeri</i> (3).
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==Function==
  
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On the anterior surface of the <i>extremitas proximalis</i> is laterally the <i>tuberculum majus</i> (4) and medially the <i>tuberculum minus</i> (5). Between the two there is a strong depression, the <i>Sulcus intertubercularis</i> (6), which serves as a slide rail for the tendon of the <i>Caput longum</i> of the <i>M. biceps brachii</i>.
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The humerus connects the shoulder and forearm. It is involved in the formation of the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. The humerus serves as the base and origin of many muscles that are needed to move the arm and shoulder.
  
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The <i>Sulcus n. radialis</i> (7) is located at the posterior surface of the <i>corpus humeri</i>. At the distal <i>Extremitas</i> there is medially the stronger bone projection, <i>Epicondylus medialis</i> (8), and laterally the weaker <i>Epicondylus lateralis</i> (9).
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==Movement==
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Movements in three degrees of freedom are possible. One speaks of abduction and adduction, whereby one assumes the resting position of the Caput humeri in the scapula plane. One knows the anteversion, the forward lifting of the arm and its counter movement, the retroversion. By a rotational component, a composite movement, the circumduction or circling, results with the involvement of the previously mentioned movements, whereby the arm practically describes a conical shell.
  
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<i>Trochlea humeri</i> (10) and <i>Capitulum humeri</i> (11) form the <i>Condylus humeri</i> and serve as an articulated connection with the forearm bones. Medially from the <i>Trochlea humeri</i> runs a shallow channel, the <i>Sulcus n. ulnaris</i> (12). The <i>Fossa olecrani</i> (13), a deep pit, is located above the <i>Trochlea</i> at the posterior surface of the humerus.
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Abduction movements always result in a co-motion of the scapula; excessive co-motion of the scapula occurs with an abduction of more than 90 degrees (elevation).
  
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The humerus is torqued at its proximal end, i.e. the <i>caput</i> is twisted about 20° backwards from the axis by the <i>epicondyli humeri</i> (torsion). Between the longitudinal axis of the humerus and the <i>caput</i> there is an average angle of 130°, while at the distal end, between the transverse joint axis and the longitudinal axis of the humerus shaft, there is an angle of 76° to 89°.
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==Diseases==
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* [[Special:MyLanguage/Humerusfraktur|frakture of the humerus]]
  
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The bony socket (<i>Cavitas glenoidalis</i>) of the <i>Articulatio humeri</i>, a ball joint, is considerably smaller than the head of the humerus. The socket is enlarged by a fibrous cartilaginous joint lip, <i>Labrum glenoidale</i>. The surface of the <i>Cavitas glenoidalis</i> is approx. 6 sqcm. The weight of the upper extremity is about 4 kg. Since there are no stronger ligaments, the muscles surrounding the joint must secure it. This is known as a muscle-secured joint. The so-called "rotator cuff" is part of this muscular securing and especially strengthens the joint capsule.
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==Free exploration==
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<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="HumerusFrau" file="HumerusFrau.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
  
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The <i>Caput humeri</i> (1) is approximately spherical. The synovial joint capsule is attached to the <i>Labrum glenoidale</i> of the scapula. It extends like a bag along the intracapsular tendon of the long biceps head and embraces it with a <i>vagina synovialis intertubercularis</i>, which is located in the <i>sulcus intertubercularis</i> (5).
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the upper arm bone in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.</div>
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Bewegungen in drei Freiheitsgraden sind möglich. Man spricht von Abduktion und Adduktion, wobei man von der Ruhestellung des <i>Caput humeri</i> in der Scapula-Ebene ausgeht. Man kennt die Anteversion, das nach vorne Heben des Armes und ihre Gegenbewegung, die Retroversion. Durch eine rotatorische Komponente ergibt sich unter Mitwirkung der vorher genannten Bewegungen eine zusammengesetzte Bewegung, die Zirkumduktion oder das Kreisen, wobei der Arm praktisch einen Kegelmantel beschreibt.
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Bei den Abduktionsbewegungen kommt es immer zu einer Mitbewegung der Scapula; eine exzessive Mitbewegung der Scapula tritt bei einer Abduktion über 90 Grad ein (Elevation).
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Aktuelle Version vom 5. Januar 2022, 13:58 Uhr

The upper arm bone (lat. Humerus) is a strong, straight and long tubular bone. It is the largest bone in the human arm. It forms the connection between shoulder and elbow. In general, the humerus is divided into the proximal end piece, the humeral shaft and the distal end piece.

Exercises
Exercises
Neighbouring structures
Neighbouring structures
Body regions
Body regions
Organ system
Organ system

Anatomy

Views of the right humerus

Anatomy of the right humerus


The humerus is articulately connected to shoulder blade, ulna and radius.

It consists of the corpus and a proximal and distal extremity. The proximal end forms the caput humeri with the adjacent neck, collum humeri. It appears slightly retracted and is also called Collum anatomicum. The distal end is formed by the condyle humeri.
At the anterior surface of the proximal extremity, the tubercle majus is located laterally and the tubercle minus medially. Between the two, there is a strong depression, the sulcus intertubercularis, which serves as a sliding rail for the tendon of the long caput of the biceps brachii.
At the posterior surface of the corpus humeri lies the sulcus n. radialis. At the distal extremity there is the medially more powerful bony protrusion Epicondylus medialis, laterally the weaker Epicondylus lateralis.
Trochlea humeri and Capitulum humeri form the Condylus humeri and serve as the joint connection with the forearm bones. Medially from the trochlea humeri runs a shallow channel, the sulcus n. ulnaris. On the posterior surface above the trochlea there is a deep pit, the olecranon fossa. The humerus is torqued at its proximal end, i.e. the caput is twisted about 20° backwards in relation to the axis through the epicondyli humeri (torsion). Between the longitudinal axis of the humerus and the caput there is an angle of about 130° on average, while at the distal end, between the transverse joint axis and the longitudinal axis of the humeral shaft, there is an angle of 76 to 89°.
The bony socket (Cavitas glenoidalis) of the Articulatio humeri, a ball-and-socket joint, is considerably smaller than the humeral head. The socket is enlarged by a fibrocartilaginous joint lip, labrum glenoidale. The surface area of the cavitas glenoidalis is approximately 6 cm². The weight of the upper extremity is approximately 4 kg. Since there are no stronger ligaments, the muscles that surround the joint must secure it. This is therefore called a muscle-secured joint. The so-called "rotator cuff" is part of this muscular support and strengthens the joint capsule in particular. The caput humeri is approximately spherical. The synovial joint capsule is attached to the labrum glenoidale of the scapula. The synovial joint capsule is attached to the labrum glenoidale of the scapula and extends along the intracapsular tendon of the long head of the biceps like a sack, enclosing it with a vagina synovialis intertubercularis, which is located in the sulcus intertubercularis.

Function

The humerus connects the shoulder and forearm. It is involved in the formation of the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. The humerus serves as the base and origin of many muscles that are needed to move the arm and shoulder.

Movement

Movements in three degrees of freedom are possible. One speaks of abduction and adduction, whereby one assumes the resting position of the Caput humeri in the scapula plane. One knows the anteversion, the forward lifting of the arm and its counter movement, the retroversion. By a rotational component, a composite movement, the circumduction or circling, results with the involvement of the previously mentioned movements, whereby the arm practically describes a conical shell.

Abduction movements always result in a co-motion of the scapula; excessive co-motion of the scapula occurs with an abduction of more than 90 degrees (elevation).

Diseases

Free exploration

Look at the structure of the upper arm bone in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.
  • Exercises
  • Further article
  • Femur
  • Hand bones
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