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The bony spine (lat. Columna vertebralis) usually consists of 32 to 34 individual vertebrae. The trunk is carried by the spinal column. When viewed from the side, its double "s" shape becomes visible. The spinal column is divided into four sections: cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine and sacral bone and tailbone. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae belong to the mobile vertebrae, these are connected to each other by intervertebral discs.

Neighboring structures

Structure vertebrae Cervical spine Thoracic spine Sacrum

Body regions

Bones trunk Trunk

Organ system

Irregular bones Bones Passive movement apparatus Movement apparatus

Anatomy

Sections of the spine

Anatomy of the spine

Curvatures and sections of the spine

The latin term for the spinal column is Columna vertebralis. It runs from the head to the Pelvis, so from dorsal it represents the vertical axis of the human being. The spine of an adult human being is divided into four sections: Cervical spine (HWS), thoracic spine (BWS), lumbar spine (LWS) and sacral spine (Os sacrum). Accordingly, it also has four typical curvatures in the sagittal plane in humans. Each section is made up of individual vertebral bodies:

7 Cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicales / C1-C7)
12 Thoracic vertebrae (Vertebrae thoraciace / T1-T12)
5 Lumbar vertebrae (Vertebrae lumbales / S1-S5)
5 Sacral vertebrae (Vertebrae sacrales / S1-S5 and Vertebrae coccygeae / Co1-Co5)

The different vertebrae each show a different structure of a vertebra. The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine are freely movable and connected to each other by the intervertebral discs. The sacral vertebrae, on the other hand, merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of life.

Shape of the spine

Seen from the side, the double "s" curvature of the spine is visible. The four sections thus each show a characteristic curvature:

Cervical spine: cervical lordosis
Thoracic spine: thoracic kyphosis
Lumbar spine: lumbar lordosis
Sacral spine: sacral kyphosis

These curvatures support the upright walk. Many people experience additional lateral curvatures due to strain. In the course of life, the spinal column becomes increasingly kyphotic. The spine has a spinal canal inside. This is formed by the structure of the vertebrae.

Deformations of the spine can cause wear and tear and muscle tension. In principle, there are three types of deformation: Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. The kyphosis and lordosis are physiological to a certain degree.

Scoliosis

Here the natural curvature of the spine changes and begins to deform laterally. This twisting of the vertebral bodies around their own axis is called torsion. The cause of scoliosis cannot be found in 80% of cases. In some cases it can be traced back to:

a disorder of the musculature (myopathic scoliosis)
a partially congenital deformation of the vertebral bodies (osteopathic scoliosis)
a disturbed nerve supply in the back (neuropathic scoliosis)

Kyphosis

In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation may be congenital or may only occur in the course of life, e.g. when the body tries to compensate for other deformities. The Cobb angle serves as a standard measure for assessing kyphosis. An example of a kyphotic form of a spine can be seen in the WebViewer.

Lordosis

A pathological change in the lordosis is described as a malposition of the lumbar spine, in which the abdominal area bulges forward due to the displacement of the pelvis. Late consequences would include herniated discs, spinal canal stenosis and gliding vertebrae. Causes can be shortened or untrained back muscles due to lack of exercise or incorrect posture. It inhibits the function of the abdominal muscles as antagonists by not relaxing.

Characteristic angles

Characteristic angles of the spine

The installation of the spinal column in the pelvic girdle results in characteristic angles between imaginary axes. They help to uncover errors in the shape and position of the spinal column or trunk.

Sacral angle: this angle is approximately 30° and lies between the horizontal and the surface of the coccyx facing the head.
Lumbosacral angle: is approximately 135° and is located between the axes of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra. It decreases with a hollow back and increases with exaggerated pelvic straightening.
Angle of pelvic inclination (Inclinatio pelvis): approximately 60° with the body in an upright position. Angle between the virtual plane through the pelvis entrance and the horizontal. Since it increases or decreases when the pelvis is tilted forward or backward, the position of the pelvis can be determined relatively easily by palpable bone points.
Schwerelot: The gravity plumb line runs from the uppermost cervical vertebra to the upper end of the sacrum. Here, among other things, the external auditory canal, the spine of the 2nd cervical vertebra and the overall body centre of gravity is located directly ventral to the promontory.

Function

The spinal column stabilizes the trunk and makes it possible to maintain an upright posture. Furthermore, it is intended to create a large range of movement. Its characteristic curvature serves to dampen shocks, such as when walking or jumping. The anatomical structure of the spinal canal protects the spinal cord lying within it.

Movements of the spine

The movements of the spine are limited, but it does have a large range of motion. This is due to the fact that the individual vertebrae have a limited range of motion, but this is significantly increased by the stringing together of many vertebrae. This makes movements and deformations of the spinal column in all directions in space possible. A distinction is made between six movements:

Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Lateral extension
Rotation

These movements are influenced by the chest and back muscles, as well as by ligaments and joints.

Development

The spinal column is already formed in the fourth to tenth week of embryonic development. A newborn baby has a kyphotic spine. The lordotic curvatures of the cervical and lumbar spine are not yet present. This is due to the curved position of the fetus in the womb. Postnatally, the characteristic curvatures then develop over the course of life. First the cervical lordosis develops. This is due to the strengthening of the neck muscles. With learning to sit and stand, lumbar lordosis also develops. This develops further until the legs can be extended in the hip joints. The sacral vertebrae merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of development. This is completed by the age of 20, max. 25 years.

Diseases/Changes

Free exploration

Spine
Fall 1: Spina Bifida
Fall 2: Kyphosis

Spine
Look at the structure of the spine in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.

Exercises

Further article

Pelvic girdle

Ribs

Sprachen:

Deutsch • ‎English

@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-<languages/>
+The bony spine (lat. Columna vertebralis) usually consists of 32 to 34 individual vertebrae. The [[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|trunk]] is carried by the spinal column. When viewed from the side, its double "s" shape becomes visible. The spinal column is divided into four sections: [[Special:MyLanguage/Halswirbelsäule|cervical spine]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Brustwirbelsäule|thoracic spine]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Lendenwirbelsäule|lumbar spine]] and [[Special:MyLanguage/Kreuz- und Steißbein|sacral bone and tailbone]]. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae belong to the mobile vertebrae, these are connected to each other by intervertebral discs.
+{{ArticleMenu_en|Links Übungsaufgaben=[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben: Rumpf|Trunk]][[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Wirbelsäule ventral|Spine]]|
+Segmentereinbettung=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="WirbelsaeuleMann" file="WirbelsaeuleMann.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|
+Links Benachbarte Strukturen=[[Special:MyLanguage/Aufbau Wirbel|Structure vertebrae]][[Special:MyLanguage/Halswirbelsäule|Cervical spine]][[Special:MyLanguage/Brustwirbelsäule|Thoracic spine]][[Special:MyLanguage/Kreuz- und Steißbein|Sacrum]]|
+Links Körperregionen=[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Rumpf|Bones trunk]][[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]]|
+Links Organsystem=[[Special:MyLanguage/Unregelmäßige Knochen|Irregular bones]][[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen|Bones]][[Special:MyLanguage/Passiver Bewegungsapparat|Passive movement apparatus]][[Special:MyLanguage/Bewegungsapparat|Movement apparatus]]}}
-==Bony spine==
+----
-<div style="text-align:center">
+==Anatomy==
-| <!--[segmenter_snapshot wirbelsaeule 3]--> View from ventral <!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot wirbelsaeule 4]-->  View from dorsal <!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot wirbelsaeule 2]-->  View from lateral <!--[/]--> |
-</div>
 ===Sections of the spine===
+{{ArticleGallery|
+Bild 1=<lightbox-embedding src="file:WirbelsäuleAnsicht1.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the spine" width="400" height="300" style=""/>|
+Weitere Bilder=<lightbox-embedding src="file:Wirbelsäule_Ansichten2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the spine"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Wirbelsäule_Ansichten3.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the spine lateral"/>
+|title=Anatomy of the spine}}
+{{ArticleGallery|
+Bild 1=<lightbox-embedding src="file:Abschnitte Wirbelsäule beschriftet.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Curvatures and sections of the spine" width="400" height="300" style=""/>|
+Weitere Bilder=
+|title=Curvatures and sections of the spine}}
+The latin term for the spinal column is Columna vertebralis. It runs from the head to the [[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|Pelvis]], so from dorsal it represents the vertical axis of the human being. The spine of an adult human being is divided into four sections: Cervical spine (HWS), thoracic spine (BWS), lumbar spine (LWS) and sacral spine (Os sacrum). Accordingly, it also has four typical curvatures in the sagittal plane in humans. Each section is made up of individual vertebral bodies:
+*7 Cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicales / C1-C7)
+*12 Thoracic vertebrae (Vertebrae thoraciace / T1-T12)
+*5 Lumbar vertebrae (Vertebrae lumbales / S1-S5)
+*5 Sacral vertebrae (Vertebrae sacrales / S1-S5 and Vertebrae coccygeae / Co1-Co5)
+The different vertebrae each show a different [[Special:MyLanguage/Aufbau Wirbel|structure of a vertebra]]. The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine are freely movable and connected to each other by the intervertebral discs. The sacral vertebrae, on the other hand, merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of life.
+===Shape of the spine===
-The function of the spine is to enable mobility, an upright posture and the stabilization of the trunk. It protects the spinal cord from injury.
+Seen from the side, the double "s" curvature of the spine is visible. The four sections thus each show a characteristic curvature:
-<div style="float:right;margin-left:1em;"><segmenter border="1">https://dornheim.cloud/index.php/apps/segmenter/embedding/view?identifier=ooDEDCEq3tfa</segmenter></div>
-The spine of an adult is divided into four sections: <!--[segmenter_snapshot wirbelsaeule 1]-->Cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine and sacral spine (os sacrum)<!--[/]-->. Accordingly, in humans it also has four typical curves in the sagittal plane. These curvatures dampen shocks when walking or falling on the feet or the spine.<br>
+* Cervical spine: cervical lordosis
-Each section is made up of individual [[Special:MyLanguage/Aufbau Wirbel|vertebrae]]:
+* Thoracic spine: thoracic kyphosis
+* Lumbar spine: lumbar lordosis
-* [[Special:MyLanguage/Halswirbelsäule|7 Cervical vertebrae]]
+* Sacral spine: sacral kyphosis
-* [[Special:MyLanguage/Brustwirbelsäule|12 Thoracic vertebrae]]
-* [[Special:MyLanguage/Lendenwirbelsäule|5 Lumbar vertebrae]]
-* [[Special:MyLanguage/Kreuz- und Steißbein|5 Sacral vertebrae]]
-The vertebral bodies support or carry the spine. Another important task is the formation of blood cells in their bone marrow.  The cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine is also known as the presacral spine.
-The transition regions between the parts of the spine are a weak point for spinal diseases.
-<br>
+These curvatures support the upright walk. Many people experience additional lateral curvatures due to strain. In the course of life, the spinal column becomes increasingly kyphotic.
+The spine has a spinal canal inside. This is formed by the structure of the vertebrae.
-===Characteristic angles===
+Deformations of the spine can cause wear and tear and muscle tension. In principle, there are three types of deformation: Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. The kyphosis and lordosis are physiological to a certain degree.
-[[File:WinkelWirbelsaeule.png|470px|right|Characteristic angles of the spine]]
+====Scoliosis====
-The integration of the spine into the pelvic girdle results in characteristic angles between conceived axes. They help to uncover shape and position errors of the spinal column or the trunk.  <br>
-'''sacral angle''': this angle is about 30° and is situated between the horizontal and the head-facing surface of the coccyx.  <br>
+Here the natural curvature of the spine changes and begins to deform laterally. This twisting of the vertebral bodies around their own axis is called torsion. The cause of scoliosis cannot be found in 80% of cases. In some cases it can be traced back to:
-'''lumbosacral angle''': is approx. 135° and is located between the axes of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra. It decreases in the case of a hollow back and increases in the case of exaggerated pelvic alignment.  <br>
+*a disorder of the musculature (myopathic scoliosis)
-'''pelvic tilt angle (<i>Inclinatio pelvis</i>)''': about 60° with upright posture. Angle between the virtual plane through the pelvic entrance and the horizontal. Since it increases or decreases in size when the pelvis tilts forwards or backwards, it is relatively easy to determine the position of the pelvis by means of perceptible bone points. <br>
+*a partially congenital deformation of the vertebral bodies (osteopathic scoliosis)
-'''gravity corer''': The gravity corer leads from the uppermost cervical vertebra to the upper end of the sacrum. The outer auditory canal, the mandrel of the 2nd cervical vertebra and the centre of gravity of the entire body are located directly ventral to the promontory.
+*a disturbed nerve supply in the back (neuropathic scoliosis)
-<div class="clear"></div>
+====Kyphosis====
+In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation may be congenital or may only occur in the course of life, e.g. when the body tries to compensate for other deformities. The Cobb angle serves as a standard measure for assessing kyphosis.
+An example of a kyphotic form of a spine can be seen in the WebViewer.
+====Lordosis====
+A pathological change in the lordosis is described as a malposition of the lumbar spine, in which the abdominal area bulges forward due to the displacement of the pelvis. Late consequences would include herniated discs, spinal canal stenosis and gliding vertebrae. Causes can be shortened or untrained back muscles due to lack of exercise or incorrect posture. It inhibits the function of the abdominal muscles as antagonists by not relaxing.
+=== Characteristic angles===
+<div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
+<div class="picture">
+<lightbox-embedding src="file:Charakteristische Winkel Wireblsäule.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Characteristic angles of the spine" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
+</div>
+<div class="thumbcaption">
+Characteristic angles of the spine</div>
+</div>
+The installation of the spinal column in the pelvic girdle results in characteristic angles between imaginary axes. They help to uncover errors in the shape and position of the spinal column or trunk.  <br>
-===Spinal deformation===
+'''Sacral angle''': this angle is approximately 30° and lies between the horizontal and the surface of the coccyx facing the head.  <br>
+'''Lumbosacral angle''': is approximately 135° and is located between the axes of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra. It decreases with a hollow back and increases with exaggerated pelvic straightening.  <br>
+'''Angle of pelvic inclination (Inclinatio pelvis)''': approximately 60° with the body in an upright position. Angle between the virtual plane through the pelvis entrance and the horizontal. Since it increases or decreases when the pelvis is tilted forward or backward, the position of the pelvis can be determined relatively easily by palpable bone points. <br>
+'''Schwerelot''': The gravity plumb line runs from the uppermost cervical vertebra to the upper end of the sacrum. Here, among other things, the external auditory canal, the spine of the 2nd cervical vertebra and the overall body centre of gravity is located directly ventral to the promontory.
-Deformations of the spine can cause wear and tear and muscle tension. In principle, there are three types of deformation: Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. The kyphosis and lordosis are physiological to a certain degree.
+==Function==
+The spinal column stabilizes the trunk and makes it possible to maintain an upright posture. Furthermore, it is intended to create a large range of movement.
+Its characteristic curvature serves to dampen shocks, such as when walking or jumping. The anatomical structure of the spinal canal protects the [[Special:MyLanguage/Rückenmark|spinal cord ]] lying within it.
+==Movements of the spine==
-====Scoliosis====
+The movements of the spine are limited, but it does have a large range of motion. This is due to the fact that the individual vertebrae have a limited range of motion, but this is significantly increased by the stringing together of many vertebrae. This makes movements and deformations of the spinal column in all directions in space possible. A distinction is made between six movements:
+* Flexion
-Here the natural curvature of the spine changes and begins to deform laterally. This twisting of the vertebral bodies around their own axis is called torsion.
+* Extension
-The cause of scoliosis cannot be found in 80% of cases.
+* Lateral flexion
-In some cases it can be traced back to:
+* Lateral extension
+* Rotation
-* a <b>disorder of the musculature</b> (myopathic scoliosis)
+These movements are influenced by the chest and back muscles, as well as by ligaments and joints.
-* a partially congenital <b>deformation of the vertebral bodies</b> (osteopathic scoliosis)
-* a <b>disturbed nerve supply</b> in the back (neuropathic scoliosis)
+==Development==
-====Kyphosis====
+The spinal column is already formed in the fourth to tenth week of embryonic development. A newborn baby has a kyphotic spine. The lordotic curvatures of the cervical and lumbar spine are not yet present. This is due to the curved position of the fetus in the womb. Postnatally, the characteristic curvatures then develop over the course of life. First the cervical lordosis develops. This is due to the strengthening of the neck muscles. With learning to sit and stand, lumbar lordosis also develops. This develops further until the legs can be extended in the hip joints. The sacral vertebrae merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of development. This is completed by the age of 20, max. 25 years.
+==Diseases/Changes==
-In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation can under certain circumstances be congenital or only occur in the course of life, e.g. when the body tries to compensate for other malpositions.
-The Cobb angle serves as a guideline for the assessment of kyphosis.
-''Ein Beispiel für eine kyphotische Ausprägung einer Wirbelsäule seht Ihr <!--[segmenter_snapshot wirbelsaeule 2]--> '''oben''' <!--[/]--> im WebViewer.''
+*[[Special:MyLanguage/Spina bifida|Spina bifida]]
+*[[Special:MyLanguage/Morbus Scheuermann|Morbus Scheuermann]]
+*[[Special:MyLanguage/Skoliose|Scoliosis]]
+*[[Special:MyLanguage/Morbus Bechterew|Morbus Bechterew]]
+*[[Special:Mylanguag/Kyphose|Kyphosis]]
+*[[Special:MyLanguage/Lordose|Lordosis]]
+*[[Special:MyLanguage/Bandscheibenvorfall|Spinal disc herniation]]
+</div>
+==Free exploration==
+<!--<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb-id="WirbelsäuleMann" src="segmenter:zLy6V3PQa3p2" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>-->
-====Lordose====
+<!--<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the spine in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.</div>
-Als pathologische Veränderung der Lordose beschreibt man eine Fehlhaltung der Lendenwirbelsäule, bei der sich die Bauchpartie durch Verlagerung des Beckens nach vorne wölbt. Spätfolgen wären unter anderem Bandscheibenvorfälle, Spinalkanalstenosen und Gleitwirbel. Ursachen können eine durch Bewegungsmangel oder falsche Körperhaltung verkürzte bzw. untrainierte Rückenmuskulatur sein, welche die Funktion der Bauchmuskulatur als Antagonist hemmt, indem sie sich nicht entspannt.
+<div class="clear"></div>-->
+{{Tab|Button1=Spine|Button2=Fall 1: Spina Bifida|Button3=Fall 2: Kyphosis|Segmenter1=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="wirbelsaeule" file="WirbelsaeuleMann.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|Inhalt1=<b>Spine</b><br>Look at the structure of the spine in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.|Segmenter2=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="bifida" file="SpinaBifida.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|Inhalt2=<b>Fall 1: Spina Bifida </b>Spina bifida, colloquially "open back", is a congenital malformation of the spinal column. In this case, the spinal cord is not completely enclosed by the vertebral arch and the spinal meninges can emerge from the spinal canal.|Segmenter3=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="kyphose" file="kyphose.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|Inhalt3=<b>Kyphosis</b><br>In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation may be congenital or may develop in the course of life, for example, when the body tries to compensate for other deformities.}}
 ----
+<div class="clear aufgaben" style="margin-bottom:1em;">
+<div class="menu_item">
+<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Exercises]]</li>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="clear aufgaben">
+<div class="menu_item">
+<li class="button_article"><b>Further article</b></li>
+</div>
-''weiterführende Links''
+<div class="menu_item">
+<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|Pelvic girdle]]</li>
-'''[[Übungsaufgabe: Wirbelsäule ventral|Übungsaufgabe zur Wirbelsäule]]'''
+</div>
-[[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpfwand|zurück zur Rumpfwand]]
+<div class="menu_item">
+<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Rippen|Ribs]]</li>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="clear"></div>
+----</div>
+[[Category:Bones Trunk]]
+[[Category:Trunk]]
+[[Category:Body regions]]
+<languages/>