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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Exercises]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben: Abdomen und Becken|Abdomen and pelvis]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Niere|Kidney]]</div>
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==Structure and shape of the kidneys==
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<div class="pic">__TOC__</div>
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<div class="segmenter"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="ren" file="Ren.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
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| <!--[segmenter_snapshot bau 0]-->without annotations<!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot bau 2]-->View from ventral<!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot bau 1]-->View from dorsal<!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot bau 3]-->View from medial<!--[/]--> |
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Neighbouring structures]]</div>
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<br>
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<div class="dropbtnart">Neighbouring structures</div>
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<segmenter height="330px" width="500px" border="1">https://dornheim.cloud/index.php/apps/segmenter/embedding/view?identifier=9Bc84Jo7OV2r</segmenter></div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Magen (Gaster)|Stomach]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Milz|Spleen]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Bauchspeicheldrüse|Pancreas]]</div>
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</div>
  
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Body regions]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|Body regions]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Organe Abdomen und Becken|Organs abdomen and pelvis]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Innere Organe|Inner organs]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]]</div>
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Organ system]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Organsystem|Organ system]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Harnorgane|Urinary organs]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Urogenitalsystem|Urogenital System]]</div>
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==Anatomy==
 
The kidneys are each about 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, weigh between 150-180 g and have the shape of a bean. The following structures can be distinguished:
 
The kidneys are each about 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, weigh between 150-180 g and have the shape of a bean. The following structures can be distinguished:
  
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* <!--[segmenter_snapshot bau 4]-->two poles (<i>Extremitas superior/inferior</i>)<!--[/]-->,
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* two poles (Extremitas superior/inferior),
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* <!--[segmenter_snapshot bau 6]-->two surfaces (<i>Facies anterior/posterior</i>)<!--[/]--> and
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* two surfaces (Facies anterior/posterior) und
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* <!--[segmenter_snapshot bau 5]-->two margins (<i>Margo lateralis/medialis</i>)<!--[/]-->.
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* two margins (Margo lateralis/medialis).
  
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The two poles join at the inner margin and form the renal hilus (<i>Hilum renale</i>). This serves as a gate for inflowing and outflowing vessels. The kidney is surrounded by a capsule of tight connective tissue (<i>Capsula fibrosa renis</i>). The surface of the kidney is delicately furrowed due to the history of its development. In contrast to the blood vessels, the <i>ureter</i> is often slightly dorsally displaced and exits the renal pelvis below the vessels.
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The two poles join at the inner margin and form the renal hilus (Hilum renale). This serves as a gate for inflowing and outflowing vessels. The kidney is surrounded by a capsule of tight connective tissue (Capsula fibrosa renis). The surface of the kidney is delicately furrowed due to the history of its development. In contrast to the blood vessels, the ureter is often slightly dorsally displaced and exits the renal pelvis below the vessels.  
 
<br><br>
 
<br><br>
  
  
 
==Projection of the kidneys onto the trunk==
 
==Projection of the kidneys onto the trunk==
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:ren.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Kidney: View of the kidney from ventral" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:renDorsal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Kidney: View of the kidney from dorsal"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">
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Projections of the kidney on the trunk</div>
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The kidney (ren) is a paired urinary organ and is located retroperitoneally in the abdomen.
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Due to its central location it touches almost all organs. They are located between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, while the hilum is located at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra<br>
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The liver lies ventrally to the kidney. The space in between is called recessus hepatorenalis and in humans is the deepest part of the abdominal cavity. Therefore it is a popular place for pathological fluid accumulation. The kidneys project a triangle onto the trunk, which extends from the lower edge of the bony thorax to the lateral edge of the spinal column.<br>
  
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'''View from ventral:''' The kidneys lie retroperitoneally under the diaphragm. They are therefore passively moved with the respiration. In severe diseases such as metastatic tumours, this can lead to the disappearance of the fat capsule (capsula adiposa), in which the kidney is usually firmly integrated, and to the lowering of the kidneys. Vessels and the ureter can be trapped and disturbances in renal perfusion can be caused.<br>
  
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[[File:ren.png|380px|left|Kidney: View of the kidney from ventral]]
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'''View from dorsal:''' The kidneys are dorsally overlapped by the pleural cavities and the right kidney is less distant from the iliac crest.
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[[File:renDorsal.png|430px|right|Kidney: View of the kidney from dorsal]]
 
  
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<div style="clear:both;"></div>
 
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Die Niere (Ren) ist ein paariges Harnorgan und retroperitoneal im Bauchraum gelegen.
 
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Durch ihre zentrale Lage berühren sie nahezu alle Organe. Sie befinden sich zwischen dem 12. Brust- und 3. Lendenwirbelkörper, während das Hilum in Höhe des 2. Lendenwirbels liegt.<br>
 
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Die Leber liegt der Niere ventral an. Der dazwischenliegende Raum nennt sich <i>Recessus hepatorenalis</i> und stellt beim Menschen den tiefstliegenden Raum der Bauchhöhle da. Daher ist er eine beliebte Stelle für pathologische Flüssigkeitsanlagerung. Die Nieren projizieren auf den Rumpf ein Dreieck, welches von dem unterem Rand des knöchernen Thorax bis zum lateralen Rand der Wirbelsäule reicht.<br>
 
  
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'''Sicht von ventral:''' Die Nieren liegen retroperitoneal unter dem Zwerchfell. Sie werden daher passiv mit der Atmung mitbewegt. Bei schweren Erkrankungen wie metastasierende Tumoren  kann das dazuführen, dass die Fettkapsel (<i>Capsula adiposa</i>), in welcher die Niere in der Regel fest eingebunden ist, schwindet und die Nieren sich absenken. Hierbei können Gefäße sowie der Ureter eingeklemmt werden und Störungen bei der Nierendurchblutung hervorgerufen werden.<br>
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<!--==Kidneys in situ==-->
  
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'''Sicht von dorsal:''' Die Nieren werden dorsal von den Pleurahöhlen überlappt und die rechte Niere weist einen geringeren Abstand zum Beckenkamm auf.
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<!--The following organs were removed in the [segmenter_snapshot ren 0] "WebViewer": all intraperitoneal organs, the secondary retroperitoneal colon sections and capsula adiposa in front of the kidneys. The duodenum and pancreas were not removed. At the posterior wall of the peritoneal cavity the kidneys are superimposed by the ligaments of colon ascendens and descendens. Although parts of the duodenum, left and right colonic flexure and pancreas are located in direct proximity to the kidneys, they are separated by connective tissue and fat of the capsula adiposa.-->
  
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==Nieren in situ==
 
  
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==Kidneys in situ==
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<segmenter height="300px" width="500px" border="1">https://dornheim.cloud/index.php/apps/segmenter/embedding/view?identifier=vew4BFxXxksp</segmenter>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:RenNachbar.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Kidney: Neighbouring organs of the kidney" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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Kidney: Neighbouring organs of the kidney</div>
 
</div>
 
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Folgende Organe wurden im <!--[segmenter_snapshot ren 0]--> "WebViewer"<!--[/]--> entfernt: alle intraperitonealen Organe, die sekundär retroperitoneale Kolonabschnitte und <i>Capsula adiposa</i> vor den Nieren. Das Duodenum und das Pancreas wurde belassen. An der Rückwand der Peritonealhöhle werden die Nieren von den Verbindungsstellen der <i>Colon ascendens</i> und <i>descendens</i> überlagert. Teile des Duodenum sowie linke bzw. rechte Kolonflexur und das Pancreas liegen zwar in direkter Nachbarschaft zu den Nieren, sind jedoch durch Bindegewebe und Fett der <i>Capsula adiposa</i> getrennt.
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The anterior surfaces of the kidneys are in close contact with numerous organs of the abdomen. The adrenal glands are closest to them, but due to the capsula adiposa they do not touch each other. In contrast to the liver, the other neighbouring organs leave no marks on the stable kidney and are therefore only topographically relevant. The retroperitoneal kidneys are isolated from the retroperitoneal organs by fascia of the renal bed and from the intraperitoneal organs by the peritoneum.  
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==Diseases==
  
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==Nachbarorgane der Nieren==
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*[[Special:MyLanguage/Nierensteine|Kidney stones]]
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*[[Special:MyLanguage/Wanderniere|floating kidney]]
  
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[[File:RenNachbar.png|530px|height:300px|right|Niere: Nachbarorgane der Niere]]
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==Free exploration==
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<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="Ren" file="Ren.seg" height="300" width="500"/></div>
  
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Die vorderen Flächen der Nieren stehen im engen Kontakt zu zahlreichen Organen des Abdomens. Die Nebennieren sind ihnen dabei am nächsten, aufgrund der <i>Capsula adiposa</i> berühren sie sich jedoch nicht. Die anderen Nachbarorgane hinterlassen auf der formstabilen Niere, anders als bei der Leber, keine Abdrücke und sind daher nur topografisch relevant. Die retroperitoneal liegenden Nieren sind von den retroperitonealen Organen durch Faszien des Nierenlagers isoliert und von den intraperitonealen Organen außerdem durch das Peritoneum.
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the kidney in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can test your acquired knowledge through the exercises.</div>
 
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<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Exercises]]</li>
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==Makroskopischer Aufbau der Niere <i>(Demnächst)</i>==
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<li class="button_article button_normal"><b>Further article</b></li>
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<br><br>
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<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Herz|Heart]]</li>
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<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Milz|Spleen]]</li>
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''weiterführende Links''
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[[Category:Organs abdomen]]
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[[Category:Inner organs]]
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[[Category:Organ system]]
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[[Category:Body regions]]
  
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'''[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Übungsaufgaben]]'''
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[[Special:MyLanguage/Abdomen und Becken|zurück zur Übersicht "Abdomen und Becken"]]
 

Aktuelle Version vom 11. Mai 2022, 07:26 Uhr

Exercises
Exercises
Neighbouring structures
Neighbouring structures
Body regions
Body regions
Organ system
Organ system

Anatomy

The kidneys are each about 12 cm long, 6 cm wide, weigh between 150-180 g and have the shape of a bean. The following structures can be distinguished:

  • two poles (Extremitas superior/inferior),
  • two surfaces (Facies anterior/posterior) und
  • two margins (Margo lateralis/medialis).

The two poles join at the inner margin and form the renal hilus (Hilum renale). This serves as a gate for inflowing and outflowing vessels. The kidney is surrounded by a capsule of tight connective tissue (Capsula fibrosa renis). The surface of the kidney is delicately furrowed due to the history of its development. In contrast to the blood vessels, the ureter is often slightly dorsally displaced and exits the renal pelvis below the vessels.


Projection of the kidneys onto the trunk

Projections of the kidney on the trunk

The kidney (ren) is a paired urinary organ and is located retroperitoneally in the abdomen. Due to its central location it touches almost all organs. They are located between the 12th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, while the hilum is located at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra
The liver lies ventrally to the kidney. The space in between is called recessus hepatorenalis and in humans is the deepest part of the abdominal cavity. Therefore it is a popular place for pathological fluid accumulation. The kidneys project a triangle onto the trunk, which extends from the lower edge of the bony thorax to the lateral edge of the spinal column.

View from ventral: The kidneys lie retroperitoneally under the diaphragm. They are therefore passively moved with the respiration. In severe diseases such as metastatic tumours, this can lead to the disappearance of the fat capsule (capsula adiposa), in which the kidney is usually firmly integrated, and to the lowering of the kidneys. Vessels and the ureter can be trapped and disturbances in renal perfusion can be caused.

View from dorsal: The kidneys are dorsally overlapped by the pleural cavities and the right kidney is less distant from the iliac crest.




Kidneys in situ

Kidney: Neighbouring organs of the kidney

The anterior surfaces of the kidneys are in close contact with numerous organs of the abdomen. The adrenal glands are closest to them, but due to the capsula adiposa they do not touch each other. In contrast to the liver, the other neighbouring organs leave no marks on the stable kidney and are therefore only topographically relevant. The retroperitoneal kidneys are isolated from the retroperitoneal organs by fascia of the renal bed and from the intraperitoneal organs by the peritoneum.


Diseases

Free exploration

Look at the structure of the kidney in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can test your acquired knowledge through the exercises.
  • Exercises
  • Further article
  • Heart
  • Spleen
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