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The bony spine (lat. Columna vertebralis) usually consists of 32 to 34 individual vertebrae. The [[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|trunk]] is carried by the spinal column. When viewed from the side, its double "s" shape becomes visible. The spinal column is divided into four sections: [[Special:MyLanguage/Halswirbelsäule|cervical spine]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Brustwirbelsäule|thoracic spine]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Lendenwirbelsäule|lumbar spine]] and [[Special:MyLanguage/Kreuz- und Steißbein|sacral bone and tailbone]]. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae belong to the mobile vertebrae, these are connected to each other by intervertebral discs.
The bony spine (lat. Columna vertebralis) usually consists of 32 to 34 individual vertebrae. The [[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]] is carried by the spinal column. When viewed from the side, its double "s" shape becomes visible. The spinal column is divided into four sections: [[Special:MyLanguage/Halswirbelsäule|Cervical spine]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Brustwirbelsäule|Thoracic spine]], [[Special:MyLanguage/Lendenwirbelsäule|lumbar spine]] and [[Special:MyLanguage/Kreuz- und Steißbein|sacral bone and tailbone]]. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae belong to the mobile vertebrae, these are connected to each other by intervertebral discs.<br>
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<div class="button_style"><ul class="center"> <li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe:_Wirbelsäule_ventral|Exercise tasks]]</li></ul></div>
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{{ArticleMenu_en|Links Übungsaufgaben=[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben: Rumpf|Trunk]][[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Wirbelsäule ventral|Spine]]|
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Segmentereinbettung=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="WirbelsaeuleMann" file="WirbelsaeuleMann.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|
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Links Benachbarte Strukturen=[[Special:MyLanguage/Aufbau Wirbel|Structure vertebrae]][[Special:MyLanguage/Halswirbelsäule|Cervical spine]][[Special:MyLanguage/Brustwirbelsäule|Thoracic spine]][[Special:MyLanguage/Kreuz- und Steißbein|Sacrum]]|
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Links Körperregionen=[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Rumpf|Bones trunk]][[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]]|
<div style="float:right; margin-top:3%;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="WirbelsaeuleMann" src="segmenter:9u50AtYceN8g" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>
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Links Organsystem=[[Special:MyLanguage/Unregelmäßige Knochen|Irregular bones]][[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen|Bones]][[Special:MyLanguage/Passiver Bewegungsapparat|Passive movement apparatus]][[Special:MyLanguage/Bewegungsapparat|Movement apparatus]]}}
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<ul>'''Related structures:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Aufbau Wirbel|Structure of vertebra]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Halswirbelsäule|Cervical spine]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Brustwirbelsäule|Thoracic spine]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Lendenwirbelsäule|lumbar spine]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Kreuz- und Steißbein|sacral bone and tailbone]]</li></ul>
 
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<ul>'''Superordinate structures:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Rumpf|Bones trunk]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|Body regions]]</li></ul>
 
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==Anatomy==
 
==Anatomy==
  
===Sections of the spine==
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===Sections of the spine===
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Wirbelsäule_Ansichten2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the spine"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Wirbelsäule_Ansichten3.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Anatomy of the spine"/>
 
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Anatomy of the spine</div>
 
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Curvatures and sections of the spine</div>
 
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The latin term for the spinal column is Columna vertebralis. It runs from the head to the [[Special:MyLanguage/Belvic Belt|Pelvis]], so from dorsal it represents the vertical axis of the human being. The spine of an adult human being is divided into four sections: Cervical spine (HWS), thoracic spine (BWS), lumbar spine (LWS) and sacral spine (Os sacrum). Accordingly, it also has four typical curvatures in the sagittal plane in humans. Each section is made up of individual vertebral bodies:
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The latin term for the spinal column is Columna vertebralis. It runs from the head to the [[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|Pelvis]], so from dorsal it represents the vertical axis of the human being. The spine of an adult human being is divided into four sections: Cervical spine (HWS), thoracic spine (BWS), lumbar spine (LWS) and sacral spine (Os sacrum). Accordingly, it also has four typical curvatures in the sagittal plane in humans. Each section is made up of individual vertebral bodies:
  
 
*7 Cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicales / C1-C7)
 
*7 Cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicales / C1-C7)
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*5 Sacral vertebrae (Vertebrae sacrales / S1-S5 and Vertebrae coccygeae / Co1-Co5)
 
*5 Sacral vertebrae (Vertebrae sacrales / S1-S5 and Vertebrae coccygeae / Co1-Co5)
  
Die verschiedene Wirbel zeigen jeweils einen anderen [[Special:MyLanguage/Aufbau Wirbel|Aufbau]]. Die Wirbel des HWS, BWS und LWS sind frei beweglich und durch die Bandscheiben miteinander verbunden. Die Sakralwirbel dagegen verschmelzen in Laufe des Lebens zum Kreuzbein und zum Steißbein.
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The different vertebrae each show a different [[Special:MyLanguage/Aufbau Wirbel|structure of a vertebra]]. The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine are freely movable and connected to each other by the intervertebral discs. The sacral vertebrae, on the other hand, merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of life.
  
===Form der Wirbelsäule===
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===Shape of the spine===
  
Aus lateral betrachtet zeigt sich die doppelte „s“-Krümmung der Wirbelsäule. Die vier Abschnitte zeigen also jeweils eine charakteristische Krümmung:
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Seen from the side, the double "s" curvature of the spine is visible. The four sections thus each show a characteristic curvature:
  
*HWS: Zervikallordose
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* Cervical spine: cervical lordosis
*BWS: Thorakalkyphose
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* Thoracic spine: thoracic kyphosis
*LWS: Lumballordose
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* Lumbar spine: lumbar lordosis
*Os sacrum: Sakralkyphose
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* Sacral spine: sacral kyphosis
  
Diese Krümmungen unterstützen den Aufrechten Gang. Durch Belastungen entstehen bei vielen Menschen zusätzliche seitliche Krümmungen. Im Laufe des Lebens kyphosiert die Wirbelsäule vermehrt.  
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These curvatures support the upright walk. Many people experience additional lateral curvatures due to strain. In the course of life, the spinal column becomes increasingly kyphotic.  
Die Wirbelsäule besitzt im Inneren einen Wirbelkanal. Dieser wird durch den Aufbau der Wirbel gebildet.
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The spine has a spinal canal inside. This is formed by the structure of the vertebrae.
  
Durch Verformungen der Wirbelsäule können Abnutzungserscheinungen und Muskelverspannung auftreten. Prinzipiell unterscheidet man drei Verformungserscheinungen: Skoliose, Kyphose und Lordose. Wobei die Kyphose und die Lordose bis zu einem gewissen Grad physiologisch sind.  
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Deformations of the spine can cause wear and tear and muscle tension. In principle, there are three types of deformation: Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. The kyphosis and lordosis are physiological to a certain degree.  
  
====Skoliose====
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====Scoliosis====
  
Hier verändert sich die natürliche Krümmung der Wirbelsäule und beginnt sich seitlich zu verformen. Diese Verdrehung der Wirbelkörper um die eigene Achse nennt man Torsion. Die Ursache für die Erkrankung an Skoliose kann in 80% der Fälle nicht gefunden werden. In manchen Fällen lässt sie sich zurückführen auf:  
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Here the natural curvature of the spine changes and begins to deform laterally. This twisting of the vertebral bodies around their own axis is called torsion. The cause of scoliosis cannot be found in 80% of cases. In some cases it can be traced back to:  
*eine Erkrankung der Muskulatur (myopathische Skoliose)  
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*a disorder of the musculature (myopathic scoliosis)  
*eine teilweise angeborene Verformung der Wirbelkörper (osteopathische Skoliose)  
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*a partially congenital deformation of the vertebral bodies (osteopathic scoliosis)  
*eine gestörte Nervenversorgung im Rücken (neuropathische Skoliose)
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*a disturbed nerve supply in the back (neuropathic scoliosis)
  
====Kyphose====
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====Kyphosis====
  
Bei der Kyphose ist der obere Teil der Wirbelsäule nach vorne gekrümmt. Diese Verformung kann unter Umständen angeboren sein oder erst im Laufe des Lebens entstehen z.B, wenn der Körper versucht andere Fehlstellungen auszugleichen. Der Cobb- Winkel dient als Richtmaß für die Beurteilung der Kyphose.  
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In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation may be congenital or may only occur in the course of life, e.g. when the body tries to compensate for other deformities. The Cobb angle serves as a standard measure for assessing kyphosis.  
Ein Beispiel für eine kyphotische Ausprägung einer Wirbelsäule seht Ihr oben im WebViewer.  
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An example of a kyphotic form of a spine can be seen in the WebViewer.  
  
====Lordose====
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====Lordosis====
  
Als pathologische Veränderung der Lordose beschreibt man eine Fehlhaltung der Lendenwirbelsäule, bei der sich die Bauchpartie durch Verlagerung des Beckens nach vorne wölbt. Spätfolgen wären unter anderem Bandscheibenvorfälle, Spinalkanalstenosen und Gleitwirbel. Ursachen können eine durch Bewegungsmangel oder falsche Körperhaltung verkürzte bzw. untrainierte Rückenmuskulatur sein, welche die Funktion der Bauchmuskulatur als Antagonist hemmt, indem sie sich nicht entspannt.  
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A pathological change in the lordosis is described as a malposition of the lumbar spine, in which the abdominal area bulges forward due to the displacement of the pelvis. Late consequences would include herniated discs, spinal canal stenosis and gliding vertebrae. Causes can be shortened or untrained back muscles due to lack of exercise or incorrect posture. It inhibits the function of the abdominal muscles as antagonists by not relaxing.  
  
===Charakteristische Winkel===
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=== Characteristic angles===  
 
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Charakteristische Winkel Wireblsäule.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Charakteristische Winkel der Wirbelsäule" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Charakteristische Winkel Wireblsäule.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Characteristic angles of the spine" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 
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Charakteristische Winkel der Wirbelsäule</div>
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Characteristic angles of the spine</div>
 
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Durch den Einbau der Wirbelsäule  in den Beckengürtel ergeben sich charakteristische Winkel zwischen gedachten Achsen. Sie helfen dabei Form- und Stellungsfehler der Wirbelsäule bzw. des Rumpfes aufzudecken.  <br>  
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The installation of the spinal column in the pelvic girdle results in characteristic angles between imaginary axes. They help to uncover errors in the shape and position of the spinal column or trunk.  <br>  
  
'''Sakralwinkel''': dieser Winkel beträgt in etwa 30° und liegt zwischen der Horizontalen und zum Kopf hin gerichteten Fläche des Steißbeins.  <br>  
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'''Sacral angle''': this angle is approximately 30° and lies between the horizontal and the surface of the coccyx facing the head.  <br>  
'''Lumbosakralwinkel''': beträgt ca. 135° und befindet sich zwischen den Achsen des 5. Lendenwirbels und des 1. Sakralwirbels. Er verkleinert sich bei einem Hohlkreuz und vergrößert sich bei übertriebener Beckenaufrichtung.  <br>  
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'''Lumbosacral angle''': is approximately 135° and is located between the axes of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra. It decreases with a hollow back and increases with exaggerated pelvic straightening.  <br>  
'''Beckenneigungswinkel (Inclinatio pelvis)''': etwa 60° bei aufrechter Haltung. Winkel zwischen der virtuellen Ebene durch den Beckeneingang und der Horizontalen. Da er sich bei kippen des Beckens nach vorne oder hinten vergrößert bzw. verkleinert, kann man relativ einfach durch fühlbare Knochenpunkte die Stellung des Beckens ermitteln. <br>  
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'''Angle of pelvic inclination (Inclinatio pelvis)''': approximately 60° with the body in an upright position. Angle between the virtual plane through the pelvis entrance and the horizontal. Since it increases or decreases when the pelvis is tilted forward or backward, the position of the pelvis can be determined relatively easily by palpable bone points. <br>  
'''Schwerelot''': Das Schwerelot führt vom obersten Halswirbel bis hin zum oberen Ende des Kreuzbeins. Hier befindet sich unter anderem der äußere Gehörgang, der Dorn des 2. Halswirbels und der Gesamtkörperschwerpunkt unmittelbar ventral des Promontorium.  
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'''Schwerelot''': The gravity plumb line runs from the uppermost cervical vertebra to the upper end of the sacrum. Here, among other things, the external auditory canal, the spine of the 2nd cervical vertebra and the overall body centre of gravity is located directly ventral to the promontory.  
  
==Funktion==
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==Function==
  
Durch die Wirbelsäule wird der Rumpf stabilisiert und die aufrechte Körperhaltung des Menschen wird möglich. Des Weiteren soll durch sie ein großer Bewegungsumfang geschaffen werden.
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The spinal column stabilizes the trunk and makes it possible to maintain an upright posture. Furthermore, it is intended to create a large range of movement.
Ihre charakteristische Biegung dient dazu Erschütterungen, wie beim Gehen oder Springen, ab zu dämpfen. Durch die anatomische Struktur des Wirbelkanales wird das darin liegende [[Special:MyLanguage/Rückenmark|Rückenmark]] beschützt.
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Its characteristic curvature serves to dampen shocks, such as when walking or jumping. The anatomical structure of the spinal canal protects the [[Special:MyLanguage/Rückenmark|spinal cord ]] lying within it.
  
==Bewegungen der Wirbelsäule==
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==Movements of the spine==
  
Die Bewegungen der Wirbelsäule sind begrenzt, allerdings weist sie doch einen großen Bewegungsumfang auf. Dies liegt daran, dass der einzelne Wirbel zwar eine geringe Beweglichkeit hat, diese aber durch die Aneinanderreihung vieler Wirbel deutlich vergrößert wird. So werden Bewegungen und Verformungen der Wirbelsäule in alle Richtungen im Raum möglich. Unterschieden wird dabei in sechs Bewegungen:
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The movements of the spine are limited, but it does have a large range of motion. This is due to the fact that the individual vertebrae have a limited range of motion, but this is significantly increased by the stringing together of many vertebrae. This makes movements and deformations of the spinal column in all directions in space possible. A distinction is made between six movements:
  
*Flexion
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* Flexion
*Extension
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* Extension
*Seitliche Flexion
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* Lateral flexion
*Seitliche Extension
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* Lateral extension
*Rotation
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* Rotation
  
Diese Bewegungen werden durch die Brust- und Rückenmuskulatur, sowie durch Bänder und Gelenke beeinflusst.
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These movements are influenced by the chest and back muscles, as well as by ligaments and joints.
  
==Entwicklung==
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==Development==
  
Die Wirbelsäule bildet sich bereits in der vierten bis zehnten Embryonalwoche. Ein Neugeborenes weist eine kyphosierte Wirbelsäule auf. Die lordotischen Biegungen der HWS und LWS liegen noch nicht vor. Dies ist durch die gekrümmte Haltung des Fetus im Mutterleib bedingt. Postnatal entwickeln sich dann im Laufe des Lebens die charakteristischen Krümmungen. Zuerst bildet sich die Halslordose. Dies ist begründet durch die stärker werdende Nackenmuskulatur. Mit dem Erlernen des Sitzen und Stehen bildet sich auch die Lendenlordose aus. Diese prägt sich weiter aus bis die Beine in den Hüftgelenken durchgestreckt werden können. Die Sakralwirbel verschmelzen im Laufe der Entwicklung zum Kreuzbein und Steißbein. Dies ist bis zu 20, max. 25 Lebensjahr abgeschlossen.
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The spinal column is already formed in the fourth to tenth week of embryonic development. A newborn baby has a kyphotic spine. The lordotic curvatures of the cervical and lumbar spine are not yet present. This is due to the curved position of the fetus in the womb. Postnatally, the characteristic curvatures then develop over the course of life. First the cervical lordosis develops. This is due to the strengthening of the neck muscles. With learning to sit and stand, lumbar lordosis also develops. This develops further until the legs can be extended in the hip joints. The sacral vertebrae merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of development. This is completed by the age of 20, max. 25 years.
  
==Erkrankungen /Veränderungen==
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==Diseases/Changes==
  
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Spina bifida|Spina bifida]]
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Spina bifida|Spina bifida]]
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Morbus Scheuermann|Morbus Scheuermann]]
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Morbus Scheuermann|Morbus Scheuermann]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Skoliose|Skoliose]]
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*[[Special:MyLanguage/Skoliose|Scoliosis]]
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Morbus Bechterew|Morbus Bechterew]]
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Morbus Bechterew|Morbus Bechterew]]
*[[Special:Mylanguag/Kyphose|Kyphose]]
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*[[Special:Mylanguag/Kyphose|Kyphosis]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Lordose|Lordose]]
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*[[Special:MyLanguage/Lordose|Lordosis]]
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Bandscheibenvorfall|Bandscheibenvorfall]]
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*[[Special:MyLanguage/Bandscheibenvorfall|Spinal disc herniation]]
 
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==Freie Exploration==
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==Free exploration==
<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="WirbelsäuleMann" src="segmenter:9u50AtYceN8g" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>
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<!--<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb-id="WirbelsäuleMann" src="segmenter:zLy6V3PQa3p2" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>-->
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Schauen Sie sich die Struktur der Wirbelsäule in 3D an und explorieren Sie sie frei. Danach können Sie Ihr erlerntes Wissen durch die Übungsaufgaben überprüfen.</div>
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<!--<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the spine in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.</div>
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{{Tab|Button1=Spine|Button2=Fall 1: Spina Bifida|Button3=Fall 2: Kyphosis|Segmenter1=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="wirbelsaeule" file="WirbelsaeuleMann.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|Inhalt1=<b>Spine</b><br>Look at the structure of the spine in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.|Segmenter2=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="bifida" file="SpinaBifida.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|Inhalt2=<b>Fall 1: Spina Bifida </b>Spina bifida, colloquially "open back", is a congenital malformation of the spinal column. In this case, the spinal cord is not completely enclosed by the vertebral arch and the spinal meninges can emerge from the spinal canal.|Segmenter3=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="kyphose" file="kyphose.seg" height="300" width="400"/>|Inhalt3=<b>Kyphosis</b><br>In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation may be congenital or may develop in the course of life, for example, when the body tries to compensate for other deformities.}}
  
 
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<ul class="center"> <li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|ÜBUNGSAUFGABEN]]</li></ul></div>
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<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Exercises]]</li>
<ul>'''Weitere Artikel:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|BECKENGÜRTEL]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Rippen|RIPPEN]]</li></ul>
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<ul>'''Weiterführende Links:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbels%C3%A4ule WIKIPEDIA - WIRBELSÄULE]</li></ul>
 
 
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[[Category:Bones Trunk]]
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[[Category:Trunk]]
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[[Category:Body regions]]
  
 
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Aktuelle Version vom 9. Februar 2022, 09:24 Uhr

The bony spine (lat. Columna vertebralis) usually consists of 32 to 34 individual vertebrae. The trunk is carried by the spinal column. When viewed from the side, its double "s" shape becomes visible. The spinal column is divided into four sections: cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine and sacral bone and tailbone. The cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae belong to the mobile vertebrae, these are connected to each other by intervertebral discs.



Anatomy

Sections of the spine

Anatomy of the spine


Curvatures and sections of the spine

The latin term for the spinal column is Columna vertebralis. It runs from the head to the Pelvis, so from dorsal it represents the vertical axis of the human being. The spine of an adult human being is divided into four sections: Cervical spine (HWS), thoracic spine (BWS), lumbar spine (LWS) and sacral spine (Os sacrum). Accordingly, it also has four typical curvatures in the sagittal plane in humans. Each section is made up of individual vertebral bodies:

  • 7 Cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicales / C1-C7)
  • 12 Thoracic vertebrae (Vertebrae thoraciace / T1-T12)
  • 5 Lumbar vertebrae (Vertebrae lumbales / S1-S5)
  • 5 Sacral vertebrae (Vertebrae sacrales / S1-S5 and Vertebrae coccygeae / Co1-Co5)

The different vertebrae each show a different structure of a vertebra. The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine are freely movable and connected to each other by the intervertebral discs. The sacral vertebrae, on the other hand, merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of life.

Shape of the spine

Seen from the side, the double "s" curvature of the spine is visible. The four sections thus each show a characteristic curvature:

  • Cervical spine: cervical lordosis
  • Thoracic spine: thoracic kyphosis
  • Lumbar spine: lumbar lordosis
  • Sacral spine: sacral kyphosis

These curvatures support the upright walk. Many people experience additional lateral curvatures due to strain. In the course of life, the spinal column becomes increasingly kyphotic. The spine has a spinal canal inside. This is formed by the structure of the vertebrae.

Deformations of the spine can cause wear and tear and muscle tension. In principle, there are three types of deformation: Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. The kyphosis and lordosis are physiological to a certain degree.

Scoliosis

Here the natural curvature of the spine changes and begins to deform laterally. This twisting of the vertebral bodies around their own axis is called torsion. The cause of scoliosis cannot be found in 80% of cases. In some cases it can be traced back to:

  • a disorder of the musculature (myopathic scoliosis)
  • a partially congenital deformation of the vertebral bodies (osteopathic scoliosis)
  • a disturbed nerve supply in the back (neuropathic scoliosis)

Kyphosis

In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation may be congenital or may only occur in the course of life, e.g. when the body tries to compensate for other deformities. The Cobb angle serves as a standard measure for assessing kyphosis. An example of a kyphotic form of a spine can be seen in the WebViewer.

Lordosis

A pathological change in the lordosis is described as a malposition of the lumbar spine, in which the abdominal area bulges forward due to the displacement of the pelvis. Late consequences would include herniated discs, spinal canal stenosis and gliding vertebrae. Causes can be shortened or untrained back muscles due to lack of exercise or incorrect posture. It inhibits the function of the abdominal muscles as antagonists by not relaxing.

Characteristic angles

Characteristic angles of the spine

The installation of the spinal column in the pelvic girdle results in characteristic angles between imaginary axes. They help to uncover errors in the shape and position of the spinal column or trunk.

Sacral angle: this angle is approximately 30° and lies between the horizontal and the surface of the coccyx facing the head.
Lumbosacral angle: is approximately 135° and is located between the axes of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra. It decreases with a hollow back and increases with exaggerated pelvic straightening.
Angle of pelvic inclination (Inclinatio pelvis): approximately 60° with the body in an upright position. Angle between the virtual plane through the pelvis entrance and the horizontal. Since it increases or decreases when the pelvis is tilted forward or backward, the position of the pelvis can be determined relatively easily by palpable bone points.
Schwerelot: The gravity plumb line runs from the uppermost cervical vertebra to the upper end of the sacrum. Here, among other things, the external auditory canal, the spine of the 2nd cervical vertebra and the overall body centre of gravity is located directly ventral to the promontory.

Function

The spinal column stabilizes the trunk and makes it possible to maintain an upright posture. Furthermore, it is intended to create a large range of movement. Its characteristic curvature serves to dampen shocks, such as when walking or jumping. The anatomical structure of the spinal canal protects the spinal cord lying within it.

Movements of the spine

The movements of the spine are limited, but it does have a large range of motion. This is due to the fact that the individual vertebrae have a limited range of motion, but this is significantly increased by the stringing together of many vertebrae. This makes movements and deformations of the spinal column in all directions in space possible. A distinction is made between six movements:

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Lateral flexion
  • Lateral extension
  • Rotation

These movements are influenced by the chest and back muscles, as well as by ligaments and joints.

Development

The spinal column is already formed in the fourth to tenth week of embryonic development. A newborn baby has a kyphotic spine. The lordotic curvatures of the cervical and lumbar spine are not yet present. This is due to the curved position of the fetus in the womb. Postnatally, the characteristic curvatures then develop over the course of life. First the cervical lordosis develops. This is due to the strengthening of the neck muscles. With learning to sit and stand, lumbar lordosis also develops. This develops further until the legs can be extended in the hip joints. The sacral vertebrae merge into the sacrum and coccyx in the course of development. This is completed by the age of 20, max. 25 years.

Diseases/Changes

Free exploration

  • Spine
  • Fall 1: Spina Bifida
  • Fall 2: Kyphosis
Spine
Look at the structure of the spine in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.
Fall 1: Spina Bifida Spina bifida, colloquially "open back", is a congenital malformation of the spinal column. In this case, the spinal cord is not completely enclosed by the vertebral arch and the spinal meninges can emerge from the spinal canal.
Kyphosis
In kyphosis, the upper part of the spine is curved forward. This deformation may be congenital or may develop in the course of life, for example, when the body tries to compensate for other deformities.


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