Dorsale Unterschenkelmuskulatur/en

The dorsal lower leg musculature is also known as the calf musculature. It includes the flexor ligament and is anatomically divided into the superficial and deep layers.

Exercises

Musculature

Neighboring structures

Ventral lower leg musclesLateral lower leg muscles

Body regions

Lower leg musclesMusculature lower extremityLower extremity

Organ system

Active musculoskeletal systemMusculoskeletal system

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Superficial calf muscles

Anatomy of the dorsal
lower leg muscles

Anatomy of the triceps surae muscle

Muculus triceps surae

The triceps surae muscle is divided into three muscle parts. These merge into the common attachment tendon, which is called the Achilles tendon.

Musculus gastrocnemius

The gastrocnemius muscle is also called the two-headed calf muscle or twin muscle. Functionally, this muscle works together with the soleus muscle. Therefore, these two muscles are combined to form the triceps surae muscle. The gastrocnemius muscle has two muscle heads. The caput mediale originates at the epicondylus medialis femori, whereas the caput laterale originates at the epicondylus lateralis femoris. The two muscle heads meet at an acute angle. This creates a caudal boundary of the popliteal fossa. In about one-third of all cases, a sesamoid bone, the fabella, is expressed in the caput laterale. The broad terminal tendon arises from the junction of the two muscle bellies. This tendon fuses with the end tendon of the soleus muscle to form the Achilles tendon and attaches to the tuber calcanei of the calcaneus.

Musculus soleus

The soleus muscle, also known as the clod muscle, forms a functional unit together with the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle is multipinnate and has an aponeurosis separate from the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle originates at the caput fibulae and at the upper third of the dorsal surface of the fibula and tibia. The two origins form an interspace called the muscle arcade. The insertion, together with the gastrocnemius muscle, lies across the Achilles tendon at the calcaneal tuberosity.

Musculus plantaris

The plantar muscle is also called the plantar muscle. It is a small, double-jointed muscle with a relatively short and pronounced muscle belly. This passes into a thin tendon about 30 to 40 cm long. The muscle can be either rudimentary or completely absent. Its origin lies at the linea supracondylaris lateralis of the femur and at the joint capsule of the knee joint. The long tendon radiates into the fascia of the soleus muscle and ends in the Achilles tendon. In some cases, the plantaris muscle also attaches to the medial aspect of the tuber calcanei or to the plantar aponeurosis.

Deep calf muscles

Anatomy of the individual deep
calf muscles

Musculus tibialis posterior

The posterior tibialis muscle is also known as the posterior tibialis muscle. It originates on the posterior surface of the membrana interossea cruris and the surfaces of the tibia and fibula adjacent to it. Some portions of the muscle originate on the deep leaflet of the fascia cruris. In the distal section of the lower leg, the chiasma crurae is formed by the crossing of the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle and the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus muscle. The tendon fans out toward its insertion and inserts mainly at the tuberosity of the os naviculare. Other insertion points are located at the medial os cuneiforme and the bases of the Os metatarsale II to IV.

Musculus flexor hallucis longus

The flexor hallucis longus muscle represents the long big toe flexor. It originates on the posterior surface of the fibula as well as the membrana interossea cruris and the septum intermusculare cruris posterius. It runs down to the tarsus, where the muscle bends. It then runs within the sulcus tendinis musculi flexoris hallucis longi below the sustentaculum tali. The insertion of the flexor hallucis longus muscle lies anterior to the distal phalanx of the great toe. It has other secondary attachments. These are located n the terminal phalanges of toes II-IV.

Musculus flexor digitorum longus

The origin of the flexor digitorum longus muscle has its origins at the facies posterior as well as the margo medialis of the tibia. Together with the tendon of the posterior tibialis muscle, the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus muscle forms the chiasma crurale. This is formed by the crossing of the two tendons in the distal region of the lower leg. Another crossing of the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus muscle with the tendon of the flexor hallucis muscle creates the plantar chiasm in the plantar region of the foot. For the attachment of the flexor digitorum longus muscle, the tendon splits. The tendon parts then inseriate at the end phlanges of the toes II-V. This point is also the origin of the Musculi lumbricales pedis.

Musculus popliteus

The polpiteus muscle or popliteus muscle is located on the dorsal surface of the knee joint. The muscle originates at the codylus lateralis of the distal femur. The insertion is on the joint capsule of the knee joint and below the condyle on the posterior surface of the tibia (planum popliteum tibiae). The fascia of the muscle is reinforced by fibers of the ligamentum popliteum arcuatum, the ligamentum cruciatum posterius and the tendon of the musculus semimembranosus.

Innervation

All muscles of the calf musculature are innervated by the tibial nerve from the sciatic nerve (S1, S2).

Function

Durch den Musculus gastrocnemius und den Musculus soleus werden die Plantarflexion sowie Suspination des Fußes durchgeführt. Die Flexion des Kniegelenks wird durch dieses Musculus gastrocnemius durchgeführt. Der Musculus soleus verhindert, dass der Unterschenkel im oberen Sprunggelenk nach vorne knickt und sichert so den Stand. Der dritte Muskel des Musculus triceps surae, der Musculus plantaris, bedeutet funktionell wenig. Ursprünglich diente der Muskel der Unterstützung des Klettervorgangs, jetzt hat er nur eine geringe Stützfunktion bei der Plantarflexion im Sprunggelenk sowie der Flexion im Kniegelenk.

Die Adduktion des Fußes wird durch den Musculus tibialis posterior durchgeführt. Dieser Muskel hat auch anteil an der Supination des Fußes. Desweiteren hat er Anteil an der Plantarflexion. Zusammen mit der Sehne des Musculus fibularis longus stabilisiert der Muculus tibialis posterior das physiologische Quergewölbe des Fußes.

Auch der Musculus flexor hallucis longus hat ebenfalls Anteil an der Plantarflexion sowie Supination des Fußes. Im Stand wird durch den Musculus felxor hallucis longus wird das Längsgewölbe des knöchernen Fußes stabilisiert. Dies geschieht hauptsächlich durch das Chiasma plantare.

Durch den Musculus flxor digitorum longus wird die Flexion der Zehen bedingt. Wie die anderen Muskeln der Wade hat er Anteil an der Plantarflexion und Supination des Fußes.

Durch den Musculus popliteus kann am bereits gebeugtem Knie eine weitere Beugung durchgeführt werden. Auch die Innenrotation des Unterschenkels gegen den Oberschenkel wird durch diesen Muskel bedingt. Durch den Musculus popliteus wird der Außenmeniskus (Meniscus lateralis) während der Knieflexion nach dorsal gezogen. So wird das Einklemmen des Meniskus während der Flexion verhindert. Wenn das knie aufgestellt und gestreckt ist, wird durch den Musculus popliteus der femur nach innen rotiert.

Freies Explorieren

Schauen Sie sich die Strukturen der dorsale Unterschenkelmuskulatur in 3D an und explorieren Sie sie frei. Danach können Sie Ihr erlerntes Wissen durch die Übungsaufgaben überprüfen.

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