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Function and tasks

The foot (Pes) has a particularly heavy task: it carries the entire body weight when walking and standing. It is one of the lower free limbs.

Muscles enable the movements of the foot. These include the short foot muscles and the long lower leg muscles. The muscles are also responsible for tensing the arch of the foot. The arch of the foot (longitudinal and transverse arch) allows body weight to be cushioned.

anatomy and structure

The foot is the lower part of the leg. The bony structure consists of a total of 26 bones, so almost 25% of all bones are in the foot.

The connection to the lower leg (fibula and shin) is made by the ankle joint. The upper side of the foot (dorsum pedis) is called the back of the foot, the lower side is called the sole of the foot (planta pedis).

Tarsal bones

The two ankles (malleolus) are formed by bone cones of the tibia or fibula. The root of the foot ( tarsus) lies between the lower leg and the metatarsus. It consists of seven individual bones.

[l[File:Calcaneus.png|right|500px|Foot: Calcaneus - left: View from plantar; right: view from dorsal]]

1. Calcaneus (Heel bone) The heel bone is the largest tarsal bone and the site of attachment for the Achilles tendon, the thickest and strongest tendon in the human body.

The Sinus tarsi is a tunnel-shaped channel formed between the calcaneus and the anklebone by two bone depressions (Sulcus calcanei and Sulcus tali). In this channel there are several ligaments which are important for the stability of the ankle joint.

2. Talus (Hock leg) The anklebone connects the foot with the leg. Its task is to transfer the forces generated by the body weight to the arch of the foot. It also forms the joint surface to the upper (Articulatio talocruralis) and lower ankle joint (Articulatio talotarsalis).

3. Os naviculare (Scaphoid) 4. Os cuboideum (cuboid bone) 5. Os cuneiforme laterale (lateral sphenoid bone) 6. Os cuneiforme intermedium (intermedial sphenoid bone) 7. Os cuneiforme mediale (medial sphenoid bone)

Metatarsal

The metatarsal bones (metatarsus) consist of 5 metatarsal bones (Ossa metatarsi I-V):

The metatarsals are tubular bones and are connected to the toes at the front end by joints. Each bone consists of base, corpus and caput.

Phalanges

The big toe (hallux) consists of two limbs (phalanx proximalis and distalis), the remaining toes of three (phalanx proximalis, media and distalis). The phalanges proximal, like the metatarsals, are divided into base, corpus and caput.

divisions of the foot skeleton

The classification of the foot bones is anatomical and functional. Anatomically it is divided into antetarsus, metatarsus and tarsus. Functionally, a distinction is made between forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot. The 14 toe bones form both the antetarsus and the forefoot. The metatarsus consists of the 5 metatarsal bones and the tarsus of the 7 tarsal bones. The hindfoot, on the other hand, is formed only by the heel and anklebone. The remaining tarsal bones and the metatarsal bones are counted to the midfoot.

Foot: Anatomical division of the foot bones - dorsal view of the back of the foot

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Further links

Exercises

back to the overview of the lower extremity