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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Position and direction designations}}<div style="text-align:justify;">
By means of position and directional markings on the body, positions, layouts and courses on the body are described. These are different from colloquial designations such as "above" and "below", regardless of the position of the body, for example lying or standing
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<ul>'''Following structures:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Schlüsselbein|SCHLÜSSELBEIN]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Oberarmknochen|OBERARMKNOCHEN]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Rippen|RIPPEN]]</li></ul>
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<ul>'''Superordinated structures:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Schultergürtel|SCHULTERGÜRTEL]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Obere Extremität|KNOCHEN OBERE EXTREMITÄT]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Obere Extremität|OBERE EXTREMITÄT]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|KÖRPERREGIONEN]]</li></ul></div>
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==Introduction== 

On living bodies there are extended position and directional designations. These serve to provide an exact description of the position, direction and progression of anatomical structures. In contrast to colloquial position words like "above" and "below", the description is independent of the position of the body. In order to recognize the correct position or direction, the basic anatomical position is sometimes necessary. This is the case when a person stands upright, his hands are supinated (palm facing forward), the eyes are straight ahead and the feet are parallel.<br>.
The human being belongs like many animals to the Bilateria (two-sided animals). That means the body is bilaterally symmetrical and has two mirror-image halves. The median plane represents the mirror plane. This is the only symmetry plane in the body of a bilateral.

==Main anatomical directions==

<tr>
<td>Anatomical name</td>
<td>Latin origin</td>
<td>Meaning</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr> 
<td> dorsal</td> 
<td> dorsum - "back"</td>
<td>backwards</td>
<td>lying on the back</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ventral</td>
<td>venter - "belly"</td>
<td> bellywards</td>
<td> situated on the stomach</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>cranial</td>
<td>cranium - "skull"</td>
<td> belonging to the head</td>
<td>towards the skull</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>caudal</td>
<td>cauda - "tail"</td>
<td>Located on the coccyx</td>
<td>downward </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>distal</td>
<td>distare - "be removed"</td>
<td> lying far from the trunk</td>
<td>from the center of the body</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>proximal</td>
<td>proximus - "next"</td>
<td> close to the trunk</td>
<td>from the center of the body<br>
(Deviation of the meaning in dentistry)</td>
</tr>

</table>

=== Designations in relation to the median plane===

<tr>
<td>Anatomical name</td>
<td>Latin origin</td>
<td>meaning</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>median</td>
<td>medium - "middle"</td>
<td> located approximately in the median plane</td>
<td> lying in the middle</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>paramedian</td>
<td></td>
<td> clearly located next to the median plane</td>
<td> clearly beside the middle</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>medial/medius</td>
<td>medius - "middle"</td>
<td> located towards the median plane</td>
<td> towards the middle</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>lateral</td>
<td>latus - " site"</td>
<td> located to the side</td>
<td> from the middle</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ipsilateral/homolateral</td>
<td>ipse - "the same"; latus - "side"</td>
<td>on the same half of the body
<td>on the same side</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>contralateral</td>
<td>contra - "against"; latus - "side"</td>
<td>on the opposite side of the body</td>
<td>on the opposite side</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>dexter</td>
<td>dextrum - "right"</td>
<td>right</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>sinister</td>
<td>sinistrum - "left"</td>
<td>links</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>transversal</td>
<td>transversus - "transverse</td>
<td> transverse to axis</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>longitudinal</td>
<td>longitudo - "length"</td>
<td> lengthwise</td>
<td>referred to the vertical axis</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>horizontal</td>
<td></td>
<td> horizontally located</td>
<td>horizontally running</td>
</tr>

</table>

=== Further position and direction designations===

<tr>
<td>Anatomical name</td>
<td>Latin origin</td>
<td>meaning</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>vertical</td>
<td>vertex - "vertex"</td>
<td>line from crest to sole</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>postcranial</td>
<td></td>
<td> below/behind the skull</td>
<td> concerning the torso and limbs</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>terminal</td>
<td>terminal - "end"</td>
<td> located at the end</td>
<td>during the end</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>profund</td>
<td>profundus - "deep"</td>
<td> located in the depth of the body</td>
<td> located in deeper, less surface tissues</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>superficial</td>
<td>superficialis - "superficial"</td>
<td> located close to the surface</td>
<td> located on the surface</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>apical</td>
<td>apex - "peak"</td>
<td> located at the top</td>
<td>to the peak </td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>basal</td>
<td></td>
<td> forming the basis</td>
<td> located to base</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>intracorporal</td>
<td>intra - "within"; corpus - "body"</td>
<td>inside the body</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ektop</td>
<td></td>
<td>not at the physiological location</td>
<td>situated in the wrong place</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>peripheral</td>
<td></td>
<td> away from the centre</td>
<td>far from the body trunk</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>central</td>
<td>centrum - "center point"</td>
<td> lying in the center</td>
<td> towards the inside of the body</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>periphericus</td>
<td></td>
<td> towards the surface of the body</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>externus</td>
<td>externus - "external"</td>
<td>outside</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>internus</td>
<td>internal - "internal"</td>
<td> located inside</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

</table>

== Position and direction markings on the trunk==

<tr>
<td>Anatomical name</td>
<td>Latin origin</td>
<td>meaning</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>anterior</td>
<td>anterius - "front"</td>
<td> ahead</td>
<td> further ahead</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>posterior</td>
<td>posterius - "rear"</td>
<td> lying at the back</td>
<td> further back</td>

<tr>
<td>inferior</td>
<td>inferius - lower</td>
<td> lying down</td>
<td> further down</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>superior</td>
<td>superius - higher</td>
<td> lying on top</td>
<td> further up</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>retrosternal</td>
<td>retro - behind; sternum - sternum</td>
<td> behind the sternum</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>parasternal</td>
<td></td>
<td> adjacent to the sternum</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>transversus</td>
<td>transversus- "transverse, oblique"</td>
<td>the crossroads</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>flexor</td>
<td>flectere - "bend, bend"</td>
<td>the bender</td>
<td>diffraction</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>extensor</td>
<td>extendere - stretch, expand</td>
<td>the stretcher</td>
<td>stretching</td>
</tr>

</table>

== Position and direction designations on the head==

<tr>
<td>Anatomical name</td>
<td>Latin origin</td>
<td>meaning</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>rostral</td>
<td>rostum - "beak"</td>
<td> located at the front of the head</td>
<td> towards the mouth</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>oral</td>
<td>oris - "mouth"</td>
<td> belonging to the mouth</td>
<td>in the mouth</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>aboral</td>
<td></td>
<td>lying away from the mouth</td>
<td> located towards the anus</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>occipital</td>
<td>occiput - "back of the head"</td>
<td> belonging to the back of the head</td>
<td>down to the neck</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>temporal</td>
<td>Tempus - " Temple"</td>
<td>sleepy</td>
<td> located towards the temple</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>nasal</td>
<td>nasus - "nose"</td>
<td> nasal </td>
<td> belonging to the nose</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>sagittal</td>
<td>sagitta - "arrow"</td>
<td> located in the direction of the sagittal suture</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>coronal</td>
<td>corona - "crown, wreath"</td>
<td>lying in the direction of the wreath seam</td>
<td> belonging to the crown</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>basilar</td>
<td></td>
<td> belonging to the base of the skull</td>
<td></td>
<tr>

</table>

== Position and direction designations on the extremities==

<tr>
<td>Anatomical name</td>
<td>Latin origin</td>
<td>meaning</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>dorsal</td>
<td>dorsum manus - "back of the hand"</td>
<td>situated at the back of the hand or foot</td>
<td> located to the back of the hand/foot</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>palmar</td>
<td>palma manus - "palm of the hand"</td>
<td> palm side</td>
<td> facing the palm of the hand</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>plantar</td>
<td>planta pedis - "sole of foot"</td>
<td> on the sole of the foot</td>
<td> situated towards the sole of the foot</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>axial</td>
<td>axis - "axis"</td>
<td>situated on an imaginary axis in a limb</td>
<td>in direction of an axis</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>abaxial</td>
<td></td>
<td>off an imaginary axis in a limb away</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>ulnar</td>
<td>ulna </td>
<td> towards the ulna </td>
<td>ulnar-sided</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>radial</td>
<td>radius </td>
<td> located towards the spoke</td>
<td> located on the radius side</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>tibial</td>
<td>Tibia - "shinbone"</td>
<td> towards the tibia</td>
<td> located on the shin side</td>
</tr>

</tr>
<td>fibular</td>
<td>fibula - "brace"</td>
<td> towards the fibula</td>
<td> situated on the fibula side</td>
</tr>

</table>

==Location and direction designations for body cavities==

<tr>
<td>Anatomical name</td>
<td>Latin origin</td>
<td>meaning</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>parietal</td>
<td>paries - "wall"</td>
<td> located towards the organ wall/limb wall</td>
<td></td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>visceral</td>
<td>viscera - "viscera"</td>
<td> lie down towards the intestines</td>
<td> belonging to the intestines</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>thoracic</td>
<td>Thorax - "rib cage"</td>
<td> belonging to the thorax</td>
<td>on the rib cage</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>intrathoracic</td>
<td>intra - "inside"; thorax - "chest"</td>
<td>inside the ribcage</td>
<td> inside the thoracic cavity</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>abdominal</td>
<td>abdomen - "belly"</td>
<td>Lying on the stomach</td>
<td>concerning the Bauchraum</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>intraabdominal</td>
<td>intra - "inside"; abdomen - "belly"</td>
<td>inside the abdomen</td>
<td> located inside the abdomen</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td>intraperitoneal</td>
<td>intra - "within"; peritoneum - "peritoneum"</td>
<td>situated inside the peritoneal cavity</td>
<td>inside the abdominal cavity in the area of the peritoneum</td>
</tr>

</table>

== Main planes and main axes on the human body==

Through the human body, any number of axes and planes can be laid. In order to enable uniform position and direction designations, three main axes and planes are defined in the rain. The axes and planes are aligned perpendicular to each other.

=== Main planes===
====Sagittal plane====
Sagittal planes are all vertically oriented planes. They are parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull. In a standing person these planes run from ventral to dorsal. The median sagittal plane is located exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two halves that are equal on either side.

==== Frontal plane====
The planes that are parallel to the forehead are frontal planes. When the person is standing, these planes move vertically from one side of the body to the other.

====Transversal plane====
The transverse planes run horizontally. They divide the body into a cranial and a caudal part. These planes are perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the body.

===Main axes===
====Longitudinal axis (longitudinal axis)====
The longitudinal axis runs through the human body in a cranial-caudal direction in the right position. This axis is perpendicular to the ground. In the area where the sagittal and the forntal plane meet, the longitudinal axis is formed.

====Sagittal axis====
This axis runs ventral-dorsal and thus moves from the front of the body to the back of the body. It represents the intersection of the saggital and transverse planes.

====Transversal axis====
The transverse axis is formed by the meeting of the frontal and transverse planes. It passes through the body from left to right and is parallel to the ground.

<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the planes and axes of the human body in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge by the exercises.</div>
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