Position and direction designations

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By means of position and directional markings on the body, positions, layouts and courses on the body are described. These are different from colloquial designations such as "above" and "below", regardless of the position of the body, for example lying or standing


Introduction

On living bodies there are extended position and directional designations. These serve to provide an exact description of the position, direction and progression of anatomical structures. In contrast to colloquial position words like "above" and "below", the description is independent of the position of the body. In order to recognize the correct position or direction, the basic anatomical position is sometimes necessary. This is the case when a person stands upright, his hands are supinated (palm facing forward), the eyes are straight ahead and the feet are parallel.
. The human being belongs like many animals to the Bilateria (two-sided animals). That means the body is bilaterally symmetrical and has two mirror-image halves. The median plane represents the mirror plane. This is the only symmetry plane in the body of a bilateral.

Main anatomical directions

Anatomical name Latin origin Meaning
dorsal dorsum - "back" backwards lying on the back
ventral venter - "belly" bellywards situated on the stomach
cranial cranium - "skull" belonging to the head towards the skull
caudal cauda - "tail" Located on the coccyx downward >/td>
distal distare - "be removed" lying far from the trunk from the center of the body
proximal proximus - "next" close to the trunk from the center of the body
(Deviation of the meaning in dentistry)

= Designations in relation to the median plane

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
median medium - "middle" located approximately in the median plane lying in the middle
paramedian clearly located next to the median plane clearly beside the middle
medial/medius medius - "middle" located towards the median plane towards the middle
lateral latus - " site" located to the side from the middle
ipsilateral/homolateral ipse - "the same"; latus - "side" on the same half of the body on the same side
contralateral contra - "against"; latus - "side" on the opposite side of the body on the opposite side
dexter dextrum - "right" right
sinister sinistrum - "left" links
transversal transversus - "transverse transverse to axis
longitudinal longitudo - "length" lengthwise referred to the vertical axis
horizontal horizontally located horizontally running

Further position and direction designations

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
vertical vertex - "vertex" line from crest to sole
postcranial below/behind the skull concerning the torso and limbs
terminal terminal - "end" located at the end during the end
profund profundus - "deep" located in the depth of the body located in deeper, less surface tissues
superficial superficialis - "superficial" located close to the surface located on the surface
apical apex - "peak" located at the top to the peak
basal forming the basis located to base
intracorporal intra - "within"; corpus - "body" inside the body
ektop not at the physiological location situated in the wrong place
peripheral away from the centre far from the body trunk
central centrum - "center point" lying in the center towards the inside of the body
periphericus towards the surface of the body
externus externus - "external" outside
internus internal - "internal" located inside<7td>

Position and direction markings on the trunk

<stretching
Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
anterior anterius - "front" ahead further ahead
posterior posterius - "rear" lying at the back further back
inferior inferius - lower lying down further down
superior superius - higher lying on top further up
retrosternal retro - behind; sternum - sternum behind the sternum
parasternal adjacent to the sternum
transversus transversus- "transverse, oblique" the crossroads
flexor flectere - "bend, bend" the bender diffraction
extensor extendere - stretch, expand the stretcher

Position and direction designations on the head

<rostum - "beak"

in the mouth
Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
rostral located at the front of the head towards the mouth
oral oris - "mouth" belonging to the mouth
aboral lying away from the mouth located towards the anus
occipital occiput - "back of the head" belonging to the back of the head down to the neck
temporal Tempus - " Temple" sleepy located towards the temple
nasal nasus - "nose" nasal belonging to the nose
sagittal sagitta - "arrow" located in the direction of the sagittal suture
coronal corona - "crown, wreath" lying in the direction of the wreath seam belonging to the crown
basilar belonging to the base of the skull

Position and direction designations on the extremities

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
dorsal dorsum manus - "back of the hand" situated at the back of the hand or foot located to the back of the hand/foot
palmar palma manus - "palm of the hand" palm side facing the palm of the hand
plantar planta pedis - "sole of foot" on the sole of the foot situated towards the sole of the foot
axial axis - "axis" situated on an imaginary axis in a limb in direction of an axis
abaxial off an imaginary axis in a limb away
ulnar ulna - "Elle" zur Elle hin gelegn ulnarseitig gelegen
radial radius - "Strahl" zur Speiche hin gelegen radiusseitig gelegen
tibial tibia - "Schienbein zum Schienbein hin gelegn schienbeinseitig gelegen
fibular fibula - "Spange" zum Wadenbein hin gelegen wadenbeinseitig gelegen

Lage und Richtungsbezeichnungen bei Körperhöhlen

Anatomische Bezeichnung Lateinischer Ursprung Bedeutung
parietal paries - "Wand" zur Organwand/Leibeswand hin gelegen
viszeral viscera - Eingeweide zu den Eingeweiden hingelegen zu den Eingeweiden gehörend
thorakal thorax - "Brustkorb" zum Brustkorb gehörend am Brustkorb
intrathorakal intra - "innerhalb"; thorax - "Brustkorb" innerhalb des Brustkorbs innerhalb der Thoraxhöhle gelgen
abdominal abdomen - "Bauch" am/im Bauch gelegen den Buachram betreffend
intraabdominal intra - "innerhalb"; abdomen - "Bauch" innerhalb der Bauchhöle innerhalb des Bauchraums gelegen
intraperitoneal intra - "innerhalb"; peritoneum - "bauchfell" innerhalb der Peritonealhöhle gelegen innerhalb der Bauchhöhle im Bereich des Bauchfells

Hauptebenen und Hauptachsen am menschlichen Körper

Durch den menschlichen Körpen, können beliebig Viele Achsen udn Ebenen gelegt werden. Um einheitliche Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen zu ermöglichen, werden in der Regen drei Haupachsen und -ebenen definiert. Die Achsen und Ebenen sind senkrecht zu einander ausgerichtet.

Hauptebenen

Sagittalebene

Sagittalebenen sind alle vertikal ausgerichteten Ebenen. Sie liegen parallel zur Sutura sagittalis (Pfeilnaht) des Schädels. Beim stehenden menschen verlaufen diese Ebenen von ventral nach dorsal. Die Mediansagittalebene befindet sich genau in der Mitte des Körpers und teilt den Körper in zwei seitengleiche Hälften.

Frontalebene

Die Ebenen, die parallel zur Stirm verlaufen, sind Frontalebenen. Im Stand des Menschens ziehen diese Ebenen vertikal von einer Körperseite zu der anderen.

Transversalebene

Die Transversalebenen verlaufen horizontal. Sie teilen den Körper jeweils in einen kranialen und kaudalen Teil. Diese Ebenen liegen senkrecht zur Körperlängsachse.

Hauptachsen

Longitudinalachse (Längsachse)

Die Longitudinalachse zieht sich in kranial-kaudaler Richtung im aurechten Stand durch den Menschen. Diese Achse steht senkrecht zum Boden. Im Bereich, wo Sagittal- und Forntalebene Zusammentreffen bildet sich die Längsachse.

Sagittalachse

Diese Achse verläuft ventral-dorsal und zieht damit von der Körpervorderseite zur Körperrückseite. Sie stellt den Schnittachse der Saggital- und Transversalebene.

Transversalachse (Querachse)

Durch das aufeinander Treffn der Frontal- und Transversalebene bildet sich die Transversalachse. Sie zieht also von links nach rechts durch den Körper und ist parallel zum Boden.


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