Position and direction designations
By means of position and directional markings on the body, positions, layouts and courses on the body are described. These are different from colloquial designations such as "above" and "below", regardless of the position of the body, for example lying or standing
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Main anatomical directions
- 3 = Designations in relation to the median plane
- 4 Position and direction markings on the trunk
- 5 Position and direction designations on the head
- 6 Position and direction designations on the extremities
- 7 Lage und Richtungsbezeichnungen bei Körperhöhlen
- 8 Hauptebenen und Hauptachsen am menschlichen Körper
Introduction
On living bodies there are extended position and directional designations. These serve to provide an exact description of the position, direction and progression of anatomical structures. In contrast to colloquial position words like "above" and "below", the description is independent of the position of the body. In order to recognize the correct position or direction, the basic anatomical position is sometimes necessary. This is the case when a person stands upright, his hands are supinated (palm facing forward), the eyes are straight ahead and the feet are parallel.
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The human being belongs like many animals to the Bilateria (two-sided animals). That means the body is bilaterally symmetrical and has two mirror-image halves. The median plane represents the mirror plane. This is the only symmetry plane in the body of a bilateral.
Main anatomical directions
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | Meaning | |
| dorsal | dorsum - "back" | backwards | lying on the back |
| ventral | venter - "belly" | bellywards | situated on the stomach |
| cranial | cranium - "skull" | belonging to the head | towards the skull |
| caudal | cauda - "tail" | Located on the coccyx | downward >/td> |
| distal | distare - "be removed" | lying far from the trunk | from the center of the body |
| proximal | proximus - "next" | close to the trunk | from the center of the body (Deviation of the meaning in dentistry) |
= Designations in relation to the median plane
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| median | medium - "middle" | located approximately in the median plane | lying in the middle |
| paramedian | clearly located next to the median plane | clearly beside the middle | |
| medial/medius | medius - "middle" | located towards the median plane | towards the middle |
| lateral | latus - " site" | located to the side | from the middle |
| ipsilateral/homolateral | ipse - "the same"; latus - "side" | on the same half of the body | on the same side |
| contralateral | contra - "against"; latus - "side" | on the opposite side of the body | on the opposite side |
| dexter | dextrum - "right" | right | |
| sinister | sinistrum - "left" | links | |
| transversal | transversus - "transverse | transverse to axis | |
| longitudinal | longitudo - "length" | lengthwise | referred to the vertical axis |
| horizontal | horizontally located | horizontally running |
Further position and direction designations
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| vertical | vertex - "vertex" | line from crest to sole | |
| postcranial | below/behind the skull | concerning the torso and limbs | |
| terminal | terminal - "end" | located at the end | during the end |
| profund | profundus - "deep" | located in the depth of the body | located in deeper, less surface tissues |
| superficial | superficialis - "superficial" | located close to the surface | located on the surface |
| apical | apex - "peak" | located at the top | to the peak |
| basal | forming the basis | located to base | |
| intracorporal | intra - "within"; corpus - "body" | inside the body | |
| ektop | not at the physiological location | situated in the wrong place | |
| peripheral | away from the centre | far from the body trunk | |
| central | centrum - "center point" | lying in the center | towards the inside of the body |
| periphericus | towards the surface of the body | ||
| externus | externus - "external" | outside | |
| internus | internal - "internal" | located inside<7td> |
Position and direction markings on the trunk
<stretching| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| anterior | anterius - "front" | ahead | further ahead |
| posterior | posterius - "rear" | lying at the back | further back |
| inferior | inferius - lower | lying down | further down |
| superior | superius - higher | lying on top | further up |
| retrosternal | retro - behind; sternum - sternum | behind the sternum | |
| parasternal | adjacent to the sternum | ||
| transversus | transversus- "transverse, oblique" | the crossroads | |
| flexor | flectere - "bend, bend" | the bender | diffraction |
| extensor | extendere - stretch, expand | the stretcher |
Position and direction designations on the head
<rostum - "beak"
in the mouth| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| rostral | located at the front of the head | towards the mouth | |
| oral | oris - "mouth" | belonging to the mouth | |
| aboral | lying away from the mouth | located towards the anus | |
| occipital | occiput - "back of the head" | belonging to the back of the head | down to the neck |
| temporal | Tempus - " Temple" | sleepy | located towards the temple |
| nasal | nasus - "nose" | nasal | belonging to the nose |
| sagittal | sagitta - "arrow" | located in the direction of the sagittal suture | |
| coronal | corona - "crown, wreath" | lying in the direction of the wreath seam | belonging to the crown |
| basilar | belonging to the base of the skull | ||
Position and direction designations on the extremities
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| dorsal | dorsum manus - "back of the hand" | situated at the back of the hand or foot | located to the back of the hand/foot |
| palmar | palma manus - "palm of the hand" | palm side | facing the palm of the hand |
| plantar | planta pedis - "sole of foot" | on the sole of the foot | situated towards the sole of the foot |
| axial | axis - "axis" | situated on an imaginary axis in a limb | in direction of an axis |
| abaxial | off an imaginary axis in a limb away | ||
| ulnar | ulna - "Elle" | towards the ulna | ulnar-sided |
| radial | radius - "beam" | located towards the spoke | located on the radius side |
| tibial | tibia - "Schienbein | zum Schienbein hin gelegn | schienbeinseitig gelegen |
| fibular | fibula - "Spange" | zum Wadenbein hin gelegen | wadenbeinseitig gelegen |
Lage und Richtungsbezeichnungen bei Körperhöhlen
| Anatomische Bezeichnung | Lateinischer Ursprung | Bedeutung | |
| parietal | paries - "Wand" | zur Organwand/Leibeswand hin gelegen | |
| viszeral | viscera - Eingeweide | zu den Eingeweiden hingelegen | zu den Eingeweiden gehörend |
| thorakal | thorax - "Brustkorb" | zum Brustkorb gehörend | am Brustkorb |
| intrathorakal | intra - "innerhalb"; thorax - "Brustkorb" | innerhalb des Brustkorbs | innerhalb der Thoraxhöhle gelgen |
| abdominal | abdomen - "Bauch" | am/im Bauch gelegen | den Buachram betreffend |
| intraabdominal | intra - "innerhalb"; abdomen - "Bauch" | innerhalb der Bauchhöle | innerhalb des Bauchraums gelegen |
| intraperitoneal | intra - "innerhalb"; peritoneum - "bauchfell" | innerhalb der Peritonealhöhle gelegen | innerhalb der Bauchhöhle im Bereich des Bauchfells |
Hauptebenen und Hauptachsen am menschlichen Körper
Durch den menschlichen Körpen, können beliebig Viele Achsen udn Ebenen gelegt werden. Um einheitliche Lage- und Richtungsbezeichnungen zu ermöglichen, werden in der Regen drei Haupachsen und -ebenen definiert. Die Achsen und Ebenen sind senkrecht zu einander ausgerichtet.
Hauptebenen
Sagittalebene
Sagittalebenen sind alle vertikal ausgerichteten Ebenen. Sie liegen parallel zur Sutura sagittalis (Pfeilnaht) des Schädels. Beim stehenden menschen verlaufen diese Ebenen von ventral nach dorsal. Die Mediansagittalebene befindet sich genau in der Mitte des Körpers und teilt den Körper in zwei seitengleiche Hälften.
Frontalebene
Die Ebenen, die parallel zur Stirm verlaufen, sind Frontalebenen. Im Stand des Menschens ziehen diese Ebenen vertikal von einer Körperseite zu der anderen.
Transversalebene
Die Transversalebenen verlaufen horizontal. Sie teilen den Körper jeweils in einen kranialen und kaudalen Teil. Diese Ebenen liegen senkrecht zur Körperlängsachse.
Hauptachsen
Longitudinalachse (Längsachse)
Die Longitudinalachse zieht sich in kranial-kaudaler Richtung im aurechten Stand durch den Menschen. Diese Achse steht senkrecht zum Boden. Im Bereich, wo Sagittal- und Forntalebene Zusammentreffen bildet sich die Längsachse.
Sagittalachse
Diese Achse verläuft ventral-dorsal und zieht damit von der Körpervorderseite zur Körperrückseite. Sie stellt den Schnittachse der Saggital- und Transversalebene.
Transversalachse (Querachse)
Durch das aufeinander Treffn der Frontal- und Transversalebene bildet sich die Transversalachse. Sie zieht also von links nach rechts durch den Körper und ist parallel zum Boden.
