Position and direction designations
By means of position and directional markings on the body, positions, layouts and courses on the body are described. These are different from colloquial designations such as "above" and "below", regardless of the position of the body, for example lying or standing
Inhaltsverzeichnis
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Main anatomical directions
- 3 = Designations in relation to the median plane
- 4 Position and direction markings on the trunk
- 5 Position and direction designations on the head
- 6 Position and direction designations on the extremities
- 7 Location and direction designations for body cavities
- 8 Main planes and main axes on the human body
Introduction
On living bodies there are extended position and directional designations. These serve to provide an exact description of the position, direction and progression of anatomical structures. In contrast to colloquial position words like "above" and "below", the description is independent of the position of the body. In order to recognize the correct position or direction, the basic anatomical position is sometimes necessary. This is the case when a person stands upright, his hands are supinated (palm facing forward), the eyes are straight ahead and the feet are parallel.
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The human being belongs like many animals to the Bilateria (two-sided animals). That means the body is bilaterally symmetrical and has two mirror-image halves. The median plane represents the mirror plane. This is the only symmetry plane in the body of a bilateral.
Main anatomical directions
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | Meaning | |
| dorsal | dorsum - "back" | backwards | lying on the back |
| ventral | venter - "belly" | bellywards | situated on the stomach |
| cranial | cranium - "skull" | belonging to the head | towards the skull |
| caudal | cauda - "tail" | Located on the coccyx | downward >/td> |
| distal | distare - "be removed" | lying far from the trunk | from the center of the body |
| proximal | proximus - "next" | close to the trunk | from the center of the body (Deviation of the meaning in dentistry) |
= Designations in relation to the median plane
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| median | medium - "middle" | located approximately in the median plane | lying in the middle |
| paramedian | clearly located next to the median plane | clearly beside the middle | |
| medial/medius | medius - "middle" | located towards the median plane | towards the middle |
| lateral | latus - " site" | located to the side | from the middle |
| ipsilateral/homolateral | ipse - "the same"; latus - "side" | on the same half of the body | on the same side |
| contralateral | contra - "against"; latus - "side" | on the opposite side of the body | on the opposite side |
| dexter | dextrum - "right" | right | |
| sinister | sinistrum - "left" | links | |
| transversal | transversus - "transverse | transverse to axis | |
| longitudinal | longitudo - "length" | lengthwise | referred to the vertical axis |
| horizontal | horizontally located | horizontally running |
Further position and direction designations
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| vertical | vertex - "vertex" | line from crest to sole | |
| postcranial | below/behind the skull | concerning the torso and limbs | |
| terminal | terminal - "end" | located at the end | during the end |
| profund | profundus - "deep" | located in the depth of the body | located in deeper, less surface tissues |
| superficial | superficialis - "superficial" | located close to the surface | located on the surface |
| apical | apex - "peak" | located at the top | to the peak |
| basal | forming the basis | located to base | |
| intracorporal | intra - "within"; corpus - "body" | inside the body | |
| ektop | not at the physiological location | situated in the wrong place | |
| peripheral | away from the centre | far from the body trunk | |
| central | centrum - "center point" | lying in the center | towards the inside of the body |
| periphericus | towards the surface of the body | ||
| externus | externus - "external" | outside | |
| internus | internal - "internal" | located inside<7td> |
Position and direction markings on the trunk
<stretching| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| anterior | anterius - "front" | ahead | further ahead |
| posterior | posterius - "rear" | lying at the back | further back |
| inferior | inferius - lower | lying down | further down |
| superior | superius - higher | lying on top | further up |
| retrosternal | retro - behind; sternum - sternum | behind the sternum | |
| parasternal | adjacent to the sternum | ||
| transversus | transversus- "transverse, oblique" | the crossroads | |
| flexor | flectere - "bend, bend" | the bender | diffraction |
| extensor | extendere - stretch, expand | the stretcher |
Position and direction designations on the head
<rostum - "beak"
in the mouth| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| rostral | located at the front of the head | towards the mouth | |
| oral | oris - "mouth" | belonging to the mouth | |
| aboral | lying away from the mouth | located towards the anus | |
| occipital | occiput - "back of the head" | belonging to the back of the head | down to the neck |
| temporal | Tempus - " Temple" | sleepy | located towards the temple |
| nasal | nasus - "nose" | nasal | belonging to the nose |
| sagittal | sagitta - "arrow" | located in the direction of the sagittal suture | |
| coronal | corona - "crown, wreath" | lying in the direction of the wreath seam | belonging to the crown |
| basilar | belonging to the base of the skull | ||
Position and direction designations on the extremities
<Tibia - "shinbone
<fibula - "brace"
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| dorsal | dorsum manus - "back of the hand" | situated at the back of the hand or foot | located to the back of the hand/foot |
| palmar | palma manus - "palm of the hand" | palm side | facing the palm of the hand |
| plantar | planta pedis - "sole of foot" | on the sole of the foot | situated towards the sole of the foot |
| axial | axis - "axis" | situated on an imaginary axis in a limb | in direction of an axis |
| abaxial | off an imaginary axis in a limb away | ||
| ulnar | ulna - "Elle" | towards the ulna | ulnar-sided |
| radial | radius - "beam" | located towards the spoke | located on the radius side |
| tibial | towards the tibia | located on the shin side | |
| fibular | towards the fibula | situated on the fibula side |
Location and direction designations for body cavities
<viscera - viscera - viscera
<Thorax - "rib cage"
| Anatomical name | Latin origin | meaning | |
| parietal | paries - "wall" | located towards the organ wall/limb wall | |
| visceral | lie down towards the intestines | belonging to the intestines | |
| thoracic | belonging to the thorax | on the rib cage | |
| intrathoracic | intra - "inside"; thorax - "chest" | inside the ribcage | inside the thoracic cavity |
| abdominal | abdomen - "belly" | Lying on the stomach | concerning the Buachram |
| intraabdominal | intra - "inside"; abdomen - "belly" | inside the abdomen | located inside the abdomen |
| intraperitoneal | intra - "within"; peritoneum - "peritoneum" | situated inside the peritoneal cavity | inside the abdominal cavity in the area of the peritoneum |
Main planes and main axes on the human body
Through the human body, any number of axes and planes can be laid. In order to enable uniform position and direction designations, three main axes and planes are defined in the rain. The axes and planes are aligned perpendicular to each other.
Main planes
Sagittal plane
Sagittal planes are all vertically oriented planes. They are parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull. In a standing person these planes run from ventral to dorsal. The median sagittal plane is located exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two halves that are equal on either side.
= Frontal plane
The planes that are parallel to the forehead are frontal planes. When the person is standing, these planes move vertically from one side of the body to the other.
Transversalebene
Die Transversalebenen verlaufen horizontal. Sie teilen den Körper jeweils in einen kranialen und kaudalen Teil. Diese Ebenen liegen senkrecht zur Körperlängsachse.
Hauptachsen
Longitudinalachse (Längsachse)
Die Longitudinalachse zieht sich in kranial-kaudaler Richtung im aurechten Stand durch den Menschen. Diese Achse steht senkrecht zum Boden. Im Bereich, wo Sagittal- und Forntalebene Zusammentreffen bildet sich die Längsachse.
Sagittalachse
Diese Achse verläuft ventral-dorsal und zieht damit von der Körpervorderseite zur Körperrückseite. Sie stellt den Schnittachse der Saggital- und Transversalebene.
Transversalachse (Querachse)
Durch das aufeinander Treffn der Frontal- und Transversalebene bildet sich die Transversalachse. Sie zieht also von links nach rechts durch den Körper und ist parallel zum Boden.
