Position and direction designations

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By means of position and directional markings on the body, positions, layouts and courses on the body are described. These are different from colloquial designations such as "above" and "below", regardless of the position of the body, for example lying or standing


Introduction

On living bodies there are extended position and directional designations. These serve to provide an exact description of the position, direction and progression of anatomical structures. In contrast to colloquial position words like "above" and "below", the description is independent of the position of the body. In order to recognize the correct position or direction, the basic anatomical position is sometimes necessary. This is the case when a person stands upright, his hands are supinated (palm facing forward), the eyes are straight ahead and the feet are parallel.
. The human being belongs like many animals to the Bilateria (two-sided animals). That means the body is bilaterally symmetrical and has two mirror-image halves. The median plane represents the mirror plane. This is the only symmetry plane in the body of a bilateral.

Main anatomical directions

Anatomical name Latin origin Meaning
dorsal dorsum - "back" backwards lying on the back
ventral venter - "belly" bellywards situated on the stomach
cranial cranium - "skull" belonging to the head towards the skull
caudal cauda - "tail" Located on the coccyx downward
distal distare - "be removed" lying far from the trunk from the center of the body
proximal proximus - "next" close to the trunk from the center of the body
(Deviation of the meaning in dentistry)

= Designations in relation to the median plane

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
median medium - "middle" located approximately in the median plane lying in the middle
paramedian clearly located next to the median plane clearly beside the middle
medial/medius medius - "middle" located towards the median plane towards the middle
lateral latus - " site" located to the side from the middle
ipsilateral/homolateral ipse - "the same"; latus - "side" on the same half of the body on the same side
contralateral contra - "against"; latus - "side" on the opposite side of the body on the opposite side
dexter dextrum - "right" right
sinister sinistrum - "left" links
transversal transversus - "transverse transverse to axis
longitudinal longitudo - "length" lengthwise referred to the vertical axis
horizontal horizontally located horizontally running

Further position and direction designations

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
vertical vertex - "vertex" line from crest to sole
postcranial below/behind the skull concerning the torso and limbs
terminal terminal - "end" located at the end during the end
profund profundus - "deep" located in the depth of the body located in deeper, less surface tissues
superficial superficialis - "superficial" located close to the surface located on the surface
apical apex - "peak" located at the top to the peak
basal forming the basis located to base
intracorporal intra - "within"; corpus - "body" inside the body
ektop not at the physiological location situated in the wrong place
peripheral away from the centre far from the body trunk
central centrum - "center point" lying in the center towards the inside of the body
periphericus towards the surface of the body
externus externus - "external" outside
internus internal - "internal" located inside<7td>

Position and direction markings on the trunk

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
anterior anterius - "front" ahead further ahead
posterior posterius - "rear" lying at the back further back
inferior inferius - lower lying down further down
superior superius - higher lying on top further up
retrosternal retro - behind; sternum - sternum behind the sternum
parasternal adjacent to the sternum
transversus transversus- "transverse, oblique" the crossroads
flexor flectere - "bend, bend" the bender diffraction
extensor extendere - stretch, expand the stretcher stretching

Position and direction designations on the head

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
rostral rostum - "beak" located at the front of the head towards the mouth
oral oris - "mouth" belonging to the mouth in the mouth
aboral lying away from the mouth located towards the anus
occipital occiput - "back of the head" belonging to the back of the head down to the neck
temporal Tempus - " Temple" sleepy located towards the temple
nasal nasus - "nose" nasal belonging to the nose
sagittal sagitta - "arrow" located in the direction of the sagittal suture
coronal corona - "crown, wreath" lying in the direction of the wreath seam belonging to the crown
basilar belonging to the base of the skull

Position and direction designations on the extremities

<Tibia - "shinbone

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
dorsal dorsum manus - "back of the hand" situated at the back of the hand or foot located to the back of the hand/foot
palmar palma manus - "palm of the hand" palm side facing the palm of the hand
plantar planta pedis - "sole of foot" on the sole of the foot situated towards the sole of the foot
axial axis - "axis" situated on an imaginary axis in a limb in direction of an axis
abaxial off an imaginary axis in a limb away
ulnar ulna - "Elle" towards the ulna ulnar-sided
radial radius - "beam" located towards the spoke located on the radius side
tibial towards the tibia located on the shin side
fibular fibula - "brace" towards the fibula situated on the fibula side

Location and direction designations for body cavities

<viscera - viscera - viscera

<Thorax - "rib cage"

Anatomical name Latin origin meaning
parietal paries - "wall" located towards the organ wall/limb wall
visceral lie down towards the intestines belonging to the intestines
thoracic belonging to the thorax on the rib cage
intrathoracic intra - "inside"; thorax - "chest" inside the ribcage inside the thoracic cavity
abdominal abdomen - "belly" Lying on the stomach concerning the Buachram
intraabdominal intra - "inside"; abdomen - "belly" inside the abdomen located inside the abdomen
intraperitoneal intra - "within"; peritoneum - "peritoneum" situated inside the peritoneal cavity inside the abdominal cavity in the area of the peritoneum

Main planes and main axes on the human body

Through the human body, any number of axes and planes can be laid. In order to enable uniform position and direction designations, three main axes and planes are defined in the rain. The axes and planes are aligned perpendicular to each other.

Main planes

Sagittal plane

Sagittal planes are all vertically oriented planes. They are parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull. In a standing person these planes run from ventral to dorsal. The median sagittal plane is located exactly in the middle of the body and divides the body into two halves that are equal on either side.

Frontal plane

The planes that are parallel to the forehead are frontal planes. When the person is standing, these planes move vertically from one side of the body to the other.

Transversalebene

Die Transversalebenen verlaufen horizontal. Sie teilen den Körper jeweils in einen kranialen und kaudalen Teil. Diese Ebenen liegen senkrecht zur Körperlängsachse.

Main axes

Longitudinal axis (longitudinal axis)

The longitudinal axis runs through the human body in a cranial-caudal direction in the right position. This axis is perpendicular to the ground. In the area where the sagittal and the forntal plane meet, the longitudinal axis is formed.

Sagittal axis

This axis runs ventral-dorsal and thus moves from the front of the body to the back of the body. It represents the intersection of the saggital and transverse planes.

Transversal axis

The transverse axis is formed by the meeting of the frontal and transverse planes. It passes through the body from left to right and is parallel to the ground.


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