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The thigh bone (lat. Femur or Os femoris) is the largest bone in the human body. It is located between the hip bone and the lower leg bones. It is divided into several sections: the femoral head (caput femoris), the femoral neck (collum femoris), the femoral shaft (corpus femoris) and the distal end.
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|EXercises]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben: Untere Extremität|Lower extremity]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Oberschenkelknochen|Femur]]</div>
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==General information==
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<div class="pic">__TOC__</div>
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<div class="segmenter"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="FemurFrau" file="FemurFrau.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
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[[File:femur.png|right|x420px|Femur: Femur of the left leg - left: View from behind; right: view from the front]]
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Neighbouring structures]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">Neighbouring structures</div>
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<div class="dropdown-content">
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Kniescheibe|Patella]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Unterschenkelknochen|Lower leg bone]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Wadenbein|Tibia]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Schienbein|Shinebone]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|Pelvic girdle]]</div>
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The thigh (<i>femur</i>) is the part of the leg between hip and lower leg. The bony basis is the femur (<i>Os femoris</i>).
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This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone trabeculae (<i>Spongiosa</i>). Thus, a high stability is achieved with a low weight. With age, the proportion of bone trabeculae decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Body regions]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|Body regions]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Untere Extremität|Bones lower extremity]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Untere Extremität|Lower extremity]]</div>
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Organ system]]</div>
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| <!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 0]-->left lower extremity<!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 1]-->left femur<!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 10]-->right femur<!--[/]-->  |
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<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Organsystem|Organ system]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Röhrenknochen|Tubular bones]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen|Knochen]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Passiver Bewegungsapparat|Passive movement apparatus]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Bewegungsapparat|Movement apparatus]]</div>
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==Anatomy==
  
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur1.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (front)" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (back)"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur3.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (proximal)"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur4.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (distal)"/>
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Anatomy of the femur</div>
 
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<h2>Anatomy of the bone</h2>
 
  
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet1.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (front)" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (back)"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet3.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (proximal)"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet4.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (distal)"/>
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Anatomy of the femur</div>
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===<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 2]--> Head (<i>Caput ossis femoris</i>)<!--[/]-->===
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The thigh (femur) lies between the hip and the lower leg. The bony basis is the thigh bone (Os femoris).
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This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone balls (cancellous bone). This ensures a high degree of stability while at the same time keeping the weight low. With age, the proportion of bone balls decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.
  
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The head has an almost spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip basket pit (<i>Fovea capitis femoris</i>). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (<i>ligamentum capitis ossis femoris</i>), which surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head. 
 
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The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle.
 
  
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===Femoral head (Caput ossis femoris)===
  
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The head of the femur has an approximately spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip socket (fovea capitis femoris). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (ligamentum capitis ossis femoris) that surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head. 
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The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle. The femoral head is angled at about 135° to the femoral shaft. This angle is called the collum-diaphyseal angle (CD angle).
  
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===<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 2]--> Hals (<i>Collum ossis femoris</i>)<!--[/]-->===
 
  
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Der Schenkelhals wird von proximal nach distal dicker und ist von ventral nach dorsal abgeplattet.
 
  
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Am lateralen Ende des Halses befinden sich zwei Knochenhöcker, sogenannte Rollhügel. Ventral liegt der große Rollhügel (<i>Trochanter major</i>), der einen Ansatzpunkt für die Gesäßmuskeln bildet. Der dorsal gelegene kleine Rollhügel (<i>Trochanter minor</i>) dient ebenfalls als Ansatzpunkt für verschiedene Oberschenkelmuskeln. Einen weiteren Ansatzpunkt für die Muskulatur bilden sowohl eine Vertiefung (<i>Fossa trochanterica</i>) zwischen Hals und großem Rollhügel als auch die Verbindungen der beiden Rollhügel. Ventral sind die beiden Hügel über die <i>Linea intertrochanterica</i> verbunden und dorsal über die <i>Crista intertrochanterica</i>.
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===Femoral neck (Collum ossis femoris)===
  
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The femoral neck becomes thicker from proximal to distal and is flattened from ventral to dorsal.
  
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===Schaft (Corpus femoris)===
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At the lateral end of the neck there are two bony humps, so-called rolling hills. The large trochanter (major trochanter) is located ventrally and forms a starting point for the gluteal muscles. The dorsal small trochanter (minor trochanter) also serves as a starting point for various thigh muscles. Another starting point for the muscles is formed by a depression (fossa trochanterica) between the neck and the large trochanter as well as the connections between the two trochanteric mounds. Ventrally, the two mounds are connected via the linea intertrochanterica and dorsally via the crista intertrochanterica.
  
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Der Schaft bildet das kräftige Mittelstück des Oberschenkelknochens und beginnt unterhalb der Rollhügel. Die dorsal gelegene Verstärkungsleiste (<i>Linea aspera</i>) dient sowohl als Ansatz für fast alle Oberschenkeladduktoren, sorgt aber auch für eine hohe Stabilität bei geringem Durchmesser.
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===Femoral shaft (Corpus femoris)===
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The shaft forms the strong middle part of the thigh bone and begins below the rolling hills. The dorsally located reinforcement bar (Linea aspera) serves as an attachment for almost all femoral adductors, but also ensures high stability with a small diameter.
 
   
 
   
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Die <i>Linea aspera</i> besteht aus einer mittigen (<i>Labium mediale</i>) und einer seitlichen Leiste (<i>Labium laterale</i>). In der Mitte des Schaftes sind beide Leisten noch dicht beieinander. Nach oben und unten divigieren sie jedoch auseinander. Proximal geht dabei die <i>Labium laterale</i> in eine raue Fläche (<i>Tuberositas glutaea</i>) über und die <i>Labium mediale</i> wird unter dem kleinen Rollfügel von der <i>Linea pectina</i> fortgeführt. Distal divigieren die beiden Leisten in die <i>Linea supracondylaris medialis</i> und <i>Linea supracondylaris lateralis</i> auseinander. Diese beiden Linien begrenzen das dreieckige Knochenfeld <i>Facies poplitea</i>.
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The linea aspera consists of a central (labium medial) and a lateral groin (labium lateral). In the middle of the shaft, both groins are still close together. However, they diverge upwards and downwards. Proximal the labium laterale merges into a rough surface (Tuberositas glutaea) and the labium mediale is continued by the linea pectina under the small rolling mound. Distally, the two groins diverge into the medial supracondylaris line and the lateral supracondylaris line. These two lines limit the triangular bone field Facies poplitea.
  
  
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===<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 4]--> Unteres Ende<!--[/]-->===
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===Distal end===  
  
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Am unteren Ende ist der Oberschenkelknochen zu zwei mit Knorpel überzogenen nach außen gekrümmten Gelenkknorren (<i>Condylus medialis</i> und <i>lateralis</i>) verbreitert. Mit dem Schienbein (<i>Tibia</i>) zusammen bilden sie das Kniegelenk.
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At the lower end, the femur is widened to two outwardly curved joint cartilages (condyle medialis and lateralis) covered with cartilage. Together with the tibia they form the knee joint.
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Vorne vereinigen sich die Knorren zu einer nach außen gekrümmten Gelenkfläche (<i>Facies patellaris</i>). Diese bildet die Verbindung zur Kniescheibe. Außerdem besitzen die Knorren jeweils als Aufsatz kleine Knochenvorsprünge (<i>Epicondylus medialis</i> und <i>Epicondylus lateralis</i>).
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At the front, the cartilage unites to form an outwardly curved joint surface (Facies patellaris). This forms the connection to the patella. In addition, the gnarls each have small bony protrusions (epicondylus medialis and epicondylus lateralis) as an attachment.
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Hinten trennt eine Grube (<i>Fossa intercondylaris</i>), begrenzt durch die <i>Linea intercondylaris</i>, die beiden Gelenkknorren voneinander.
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In the back, a pit (Fossa intercondylaris), limited by the Linea intercondylaris, separates the two joint gnarls from each other.
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==Achsen und Winkel==
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==Axes and angles==  
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Marked movement axes of the femur" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Kollumachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Femoral neck axis"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Kondylenachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Condyle axis of the femur"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Projection of the movement axes of the femur"/>
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Axes and angles of the femur</div>
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[[File:AchsenFemur.png|right|x450px|Femur: Achsen des Unterschenkelknochens der linken Seite]]
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===Collum axis===
  
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The collum axis (also called femoral neck axis) describes the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck.
  
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<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 6]--><b>Kollumachse</b><!--[/]-->
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===Condylar axis===
  
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Die Kollumachse (auch Schenkelhalsachse genannt) beschreibt die Längsachse des Schenkelhalses.
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The condyle axis is the anterior border of the intercondylar fossa and thus represents a condyle bisector.
  
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<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 7]--><b>Kondylenachse</b><!--[/]-->
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===CCD angle===
  
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Die Kondylenachse ist die vordere Grenze der <i>Fossa intercondylaris</i> und stellt somit eine Kondylenhalbierende dar.
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The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the major axis of the shaft is called the Centrum-Collum-Diaphyseal Angle (CCD angle). 
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Depending on age and sex, the angle varies. In newborns and infants the angle is up to 150 degrees. With increasing age it decreases steadily and finally amounts to 120 to 130 degrees in adults. Due to the changed strain on the bones during growth, there is a continuous bone remodelling. This is the reason for the change in the CCD angle with advancing age.
  
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<b>CCD-Winkel</b>
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===Antetorsion angle===
  
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Der Winkel zwischen der Längsachse des Schenkelhalses und der Hauptachse des Schaftes wird Centrum-Collum-Diaphysen-Winkel (CCD-Winkel) genannt. 
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The torsion angle is the twisting of the transverse axes of the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The distal end is turned inwards (towards the median plane) by about 12-20 degrees compared to the proximal end.
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Je nach Alter und Geschlecht ist der Winkel verschieden groß. Beim Neugeborenen und Säugling beträgt der Winkel bis 150 Grad. Mit zunehmendem Alter nimmt er beständig ab und beträgt beim Erwachsenen schließlich 120 bis 130 Grad. Aufgrund der veränderten Beanspruchung der Knochen während des Wachstums kommt es zu einem kontinuierlichen Knochenumbau. Dieser ist die Ursache für die Veränderung des CCD-Winkels mit fortschreitendem Alter.
 
  
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<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 8]--><b>Antetorsionswinkel</b><!--[/]-->
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==Function==
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The thigh bone is involved in the formation of the hip joint as well as the knee joint. The large bone transfers the entire weight of the body from the pelvis to the lower leg.
  
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Der Torsionswinkel ist die Verdrehung der Querachsen des distalen und proximalen Femurendes. Das distale Ende ist im Vergleich zum proximalen nach einwärts (in Richtung Medianebene) um etwa 12–20 Grad gedreht.
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==Development==
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In the seventh embryonic week, ossifications of the femur can already be detected. These are manifested until the tenth fetal month. In the first year of life, the bone nuclei form in the caput femoris. The greater trochanter is formed approximately in the third year of life. The lesser trochanter follows between the eleventh and twelfth year of life. Closure of the epiphyseal fugues occurs between the 17th and 20th years of life and begins proximally earlier than distally.
  
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==Diseases==
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* [[Special:MyLanugage/Femurfraktur|Femur fracture]]
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* [[Special:MyLanguage/Arthrose|Arthrosis]]
  
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[[File:winkelFemur.png|x300px|Femur: Antetorsionswinkel der linken Seite]]
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==Free exploration==
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<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="FemurFrau" file="FemurFrau.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
  
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the femur in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge with the exercises.</div>
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[[Category:Bones Lower Extremity]]
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[[Category:Lower Extremity]]
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[[Category:Body regions]]
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<languages/>

Aktuelle Version vom 15. Dezember 2021, 10:13 Uhr

The thigh bone (lat. Femur or Os femoris) is the largest bone in the human body. It is located between the hip bone and the lower leg bones. It is divided into several sections: the femoral head (caput femoris), the femoral neck (collum femoris), the femoral shaft (corpus femoris) and the distal end.

EXercises
Exercises
Neighbouring structures
Neighbouring structures
Body regions
Body regions
Organ system
Organ system

Anatomy

Anatomy of the femur

Anatomy of the femur

The thigh (femur) lies between the hip and the lower leg. The bony basis is the thigh bone (Os femoris). This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone balls (cancellous bone). This ensures a high degree of stability while at the same time keeping the weight low. With age, the proportion of bone balls decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.


Femoral head (Caput ossis femoris)

The head of the femur has an approximately spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip socket (fovea capitis femoris). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (ligamentum capitis ossis femoris) that surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head. The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle. The femoral head is angled at about 135° to the femoral shaft. This angle is called the collum-diaphyseal angle (CD angle).


Femoral neck (Collum ossis femoris)

The femoral neck becomes thicker from proximal to distal and is flattened from ventral to dorsal.

At the lateral end of the neck there are two bony humps, so-called rolling hills. The large trochanter (major trochanter) is located ventrally and forms a starting point for the gluteal muscles. The dorsal small trochanter (minor trochanter) also serves as a starting point for various thigh muscles. Another starting point for the muscles is formed by a depression (fossa trochanterica) between the neck and the large trochanter as well as the connections between the two trochanteric mounds. Ventrally, the two mounds are connected via the linea intertrochanterica and dorsally via the crista intertrochanterica.


Femoral shaft (Corpus femoris)

The shaft forms the strong middle part of the thigh bone and begins below the rolling hills. The dorsally located reinforcement bar (Linea aspera) serves as an attachment for almost all femoral adductors, but also ensures high stability with a small diameter.

The linea aspera consists of a central (labium medial) and a lateral groin (labium lateral). In the middle of the shaft, both groins are still close together. However, they diverge upwards and downwards. Proximal the labium laterale merges into a rough surface (Tuberositas glutaea) and the labium mediale is continued by the linea pectina under the small rolling mound. Distally, the two groins diverge into the medial supracondylaris line and the lateral supracondylaris line. These two lines limit the triangular bone field Facies poplitea.


Distal end

At the lower end, the femur is widened to two outwardly curved joint cartilages (condyle medialis and lateralis) covered with cartilage. Together with the tibia they form the knee joint. At the front, the cartilage unites to form an outwardly curved joint surface (Facies patellaris). This forms the connection to the patella. In addition, the gnarls each have small bony protrusions (epicondylus medialis and epicondylus lateralis) as an attachment. In the back, a pit (Fossa intercondylaris), limited by the Linea intercondylaris, separates the two joint gnarls from each other.

Axes and angles

Axes and angles of the femur

Collum axis

The collum axis (also called femoral neck axis) describes the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck.

Condylar axis

The condyle axis is the anterior border of the intercondylar fossa and thus represents a condyle bisector.

CCD angle

The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the major axis of the shaft is called the Centrum-Collum-Diaphyseal Angle (CCD angle). Depending on age and sex, the angle varies. In newborns and infants the angle is up to 150 degrees. With increasing age it decreases steadily and finally amounts to 120 to 130 degrees in adults. Due to the changed strain on the bones during growth, there is a continuous bone remodelling. This is the reason for the change in the CCD angle with advancing age.

Antetorsion angle

The torsion angle is the twisting of the transverse axes of the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The distal end is turned inwards (towards the median plane) by about 12-20 degrees compared to the proximal end.

Function

The thigh bone is involved in the formation of the hip joint as well as the knee joint. The large bone transfers the entire weight of the body from the pelvis to the lower leg.

Development

In the seventh embryonic week, ossifications of the femur can already be detected. These are manifested until the tenth fetal month. In the first year of life, the bone nuclei form in the caput femoris. The greater trochanter is formed approximately in the third year of life. The lesser trochanter follows between the eleventh and twelfth year of life. Closure of the epiphyseal fugues occurs between the 17th and 20th years of life and begins proximally earlier than distally.

Diseases

Free exploration

Look at the structure of the femur in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge with the exercises.
  • Exercises
  • Further article
  • Humerus
  • Foot bones
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