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The thigh bone (lat. Femur or Os femoris) is the largest bone in the human body. It is located between the hip bone and the lower leg bones. It is divided into several sections: the femoral head (caput femoris), the femoral neck (collum femoris), the femoral shaft (corpus femoris) and the distal end.
  
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==General information==
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Oberschenkelknochen|Femur]]</div>
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[[File:femur.png|right|x420px|Femur: Femur of the left leg - left: View from behind; right: view from the front]]
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<div class="segmenter"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="FemurFrau" file="FemurFrau.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
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The thigh (<i>femur</i>) is the part of the leg between hip and lower leg. The bony basis is the femur (<i>Os femoris</i>).
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This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone trabeculae (<i>Spongiosa</i>). Thus, a high stability is achieved with a low weight. With age, the proportion of bone trabeculae decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Neighbouring structures]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Kniescheibe|Patella]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Unterschenkelknochen|Lower leg bone]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Wadenbein|Tibia]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Schienbein|Shinebone]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|Pelvic girdle]]</div>
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| <!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 0]-->left lower extremity<!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 1]-->left femur<!--[/]--> | <!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 10]-->right femur<!--[/]--> |
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Röhrenknochen|Tubular bones]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Passiver Bewegungsapparat|Passive movement apparatus]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Bewegungsapparat|Movement apparatus]]</div>
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==Anatomy==
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur1.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (front)" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (back)"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur3.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (proximal)"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:Femur4.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (distal)"/>
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Anatomy of the femur</div>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet1.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (front)" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (back)"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet3.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (proximal)"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurBeschriftet4.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the femur (distal)"/>
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Anatomy of the femur</div>
 
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<h2>Anatomy of the bone</h2>
 
  
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The thigh (femur) lies between the hip and the lower leg. The bony basis is the thigh bone (Os femoris).
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This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone balls (cancellous bone). This ensures a high degree of stability while at the same time keeping the weight low. With age, the proportion of bone balls decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.
  
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===<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 2]--> Head (<i>Caput ossis femoris</i>)<!--[/]-->===
 
  
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The head has an almost spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip basket pit (<i>Fovea capitis femoris</i>). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (<i>ligamentum capitis ossis femoris</i>), which surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head. 
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===Femoral head (Caput ossis femoris)===
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The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle.
 
  
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The head of the femur has an approximately spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip socket (fovea capitis femoris). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (ligamentum capitis ossis femoris) that surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head. 
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The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle. The femoral head is angled at about 135° to the femoral shaft. This angle is called the collum-diaphyseal angle (CD angle).
  
  
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===<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 2]--> Neck (<i>Collum ossis femoris</i>)<!--[/]-->===
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===Femoral neck (Collum ossis femoris)===
  
 
The femoral neck becomes thicker from proximal to distal and is flattened from ventral to dorsal.
 
The femoral neck becomes thicker from proximal to distal and is flattened from ventral to dorsal.
  
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At the lateral end of the neck there are two bony humps, so-called rolling hills. The large trochanter (<i>trochanter major</i>) is located ventrally. It forms a starting point for the gluteal muscles. The dorsal small trochanter (<i>trochanter minor</i>) also serves as a starting point for various thigh muscles. Another starting point for the muscles is a depression (<i>trochanteric fossa</i>) between the neck and the large trochanteric mound as well as the connections between the two trochanteric mounds. Ventrally, the two mounds are connected via the <i>Linea intertrochanterica</i> and dorsally via the <i>Crista intertrochanterica</i>.
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At the lateral end of the neck there are two bony humps, so-called rolling hills. The large trochanter (major trochanter) is located ventrally and forms a starting point for the gluteal muscles. The dorsal small trochanter (minor trochanter) also serves as a starting point for various thigh muscles. Another starting point for the muscles is formed by a depression (fossa trochanterica) between the neck and the large trochanter as well as the connections between the two trochanteric mounds. Ventrally, the two mounds are connected via the linea intertrochanterica and dorsally via the crista intertrochanterica.
  
  
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===Shaft (Corpus femoris)===
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===Femoral shaft (Corpus femoris)===
  
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The shaft forms the strong middle part of the thigh bone and begins below the rolling mounds. The dorsally located reinforcement bar (<i>Linea aspera</i>) serves as an attachment for almost all femoral adductors, but also ensures high stability with a small diameter.
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The shaft forms the strong middle part of the thigh bone and begins below the rolling hills. The dorsally located reinforcement bar (Linea aspera) serves as an attachment for almost all femoral adductors, but also ensures high stability with a small diameter.
 
   
 
   
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The <i>Linea aspera</i> consists of a central (<i>Labium medial</i>) and a lateral groin (<i>Labium lateral</i>). In the middle of the shaft both groins are still close together. However, they divide up and down. Proximally, the <i>labium laterale</i> merges into a rough surface (<i> tuberositas glutaea</i>) and the <i>labium medial</i> is continued by the <i>line pectina</i> under the small rolling mound. Distally the two groins divide into the <i>Linea supracondylaris medialis</i> and <i>Linea supracondylaris lateralis</i>. These two lines limit the triangular bone field <i>Facies poplitea</i>.
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The linea aspera consists of a central (labium medial) and a lateral groin (labium lateral). In the middle of the shaft, both groins are still close together. However, they diverge upwards and downwards. Proximal the labium laterale merges into a rough surface (Tuberositas glutaea) and the labium mediale is continued by the linea pectina under the small rolling mound. Distally, the two groins diverge into the medial supracondylaris line and the lateral supracondylaris line. These two lines limit the triangular bone field Facies poplitea.
  
  
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===<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 4]--> Lower End<!--[/]-->===
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===Distal end===  
  
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At the lower end the femur is widened to two outwardly curved articular gnarls (<i>condylus medialis</i> and <i>lateralis</i>) covered with cartilage. Together with the tibia (<i>tibia</i>) they form the knee joint.
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At the lower end, the femur is widened to two outwardly curved joint cartilages (condyle medialis and lateralis) covered with cartilage. Together with the tibia they form the knee joint.
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In the front, the gnarls unite to form an outwardly curved joint surface (<i>Facies patellaris</i>). This forms the connection to the kneecap. In addition, the gnarls each have small bony protrusions as an attachment (<i>Epicondylus medialis</i> and <i>Epicondylus lateralis</i>).
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At the front, the cartilage unites to form an outwardly curved joint surface (Facies patellaris). This forms the connection to the patella. In addition, the gnarls each have small bony protrusions (epicondylus medialis and epicondylus lateralis) as an attachment.
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At the back, a pit (<i>Fossa intercondylaris</i>), limited by the <i>Linea intercondylaris</i>, separates the two joint gnarls from each other.
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In the back, a pit (Fossa intercondylaris), limited by the Linea intercondylaris, separates the two joint gnarls from each other.
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==Axes and angles==
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==Axes and angles==  
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Marked movement axes of the femur" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Kollumachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Femoral neck axis"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Kondylenachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Condyle axis of the femur"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Projection of the movement axes of the femur"/>
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Axes and angles of the femur</div>
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[[File:AchsenFemur.png|right|x450px|Femur: Axes of the lower leg bone of the left side]]
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===Collum axis===
  
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The collum axis (also called femoral neck axis) describes the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck.
  
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<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 6]--><b>Collum axis</b><!--[/]-->
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===Condylar axis===
  
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The collum axis (also called femoral neck axis) describes the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck.
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The condyle axis is the anterior border of the intercondylar fossa and thus represents a condyle bisector.
  
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<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 7]--><b>Condylar axis</b><!--[/]-->
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===CCD angle===
  
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The condyle axis is the anterior border of the <i>fossa intercondylaris</i> and thus represents a condyle bisector.
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The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the major axis of the shaft is called the Centrum-Collum-Diaphyseal Angle (CCD angle). 
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Depending on age and sex, the angle varies. In newborns and infants the angle is up to 150 degrees. With increasing age it decreases steadily and finally amounts to 120 to 130 degrees in adults. Due to the changed strain on the bones during growth, there is a continuous bone remodelling. This is the reason for the change in the CCD angle with advancing age.
  
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<b>CCD angle</b>
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===Antetorsion angle===
  
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The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the major axis of the shaft is called the Centre-Collum-Diaphyseal Angle (CCD angle). 
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The torsion angle is the twisting of the transverse axes of the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The distal end is turned inwards (towards the median plane) by about 12-20 degrees compared to the proximal end.
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Depending on age and sex, the angle varies. In newborns and infants the angle is up to 150 degrees. With increasing age, it decreases steadily and finally reaches 120 to 130 degrees in adults. Due to the changed strain on the bones during growth, there is a continuous bone remodelling. This is the reason for the change in the CCD angle with advancing age.
 
  
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<!--[segmenter_snapshot UntereExKnochen 8]--><b>Antetorsion angle</b><!--[/]-->
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==Function==
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The thigh bone is involved in the formation of the hip joint as well as the knee joint. The large bone transfers the entire weight of the body from the pelvis to the lower leg.
  
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The torsion angle is the twisting of the transverse axes of the distal and proximal femoral end. The distal end is turned inwards (towards the median plane) by about 12-20 degrees compared to the proximal end.
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==Development==
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In the seventh embryonic week, ossifications of the femur can already be detected. These are manifested until the tenth fetal month. In the first year of life, the bone nuclei form in the caput femoris. The greater trochanter is formed approximately in the third year of life. The lesser trochanter follows between the eleventh and twelfth year of life. Closure of the epiphyseal fugues occurs between the 17th and 20th years of life and begins proximally earlier than distally.
  
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==Diseases==
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* [[Special:MyLanugage/Femurfraktur|Femur fracture]]
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* [[Special:MyLanguage/Arthrose|Arthrosis]]
  
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[[File:winkelFemur.png|x300px|Femur: antetorsion angle of the left side]]
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==Free exploration==
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<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="FemurFrau" file="FemurFrau.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
  
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the femur in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge with the exercises.</div>
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Aktuelle Version vom 15. Dezember 2021, 10:13 Uhr

The thigh bone (lat. Femur or Os femoris) is the largest bone in the human body. It is located between the hip bone and the lower leg bones. It is divided into several sections: the femoral head (caput femoris), the femoral neck (collum femoris), the femoral shaft (corpus femoris) and the distal end.

EXercises
Exercises
Neighbouring structures
Neighbouring structures
Body regions
Body regions
Organ system
Organ system

Anatomy

Anatomy of the femur

Anatomy of the femur

The thigh (femur) lies between the hip and the lower leg. The bony basis is the thigh bone (Os femoris). This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone balls (cancellous bone). This ensures a high degree of stability while at the same time keeping the weight low. With age, the proportion of bone balls decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.


Femoral head (Caput ossis femoris)

The head of the femur has an approximately spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip socket (fovea capitis femoris). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (ligamentum capitis ossis femoris) that surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head. The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle. The femoral head is angled at about 135° to the femoral shaft. This angle is called the collum-diaphyseal angle (CD angle).


Femoral neck (Collum ossis femoris)

The femoral neck becomes thicker from proximal to distal and is flattened from ventral to dorsal.

At the lateral end of the neck there are two bony humps, so-called rolling hills. The large trochanter (major trochanter) is located ventrally and forms a starting point for the gluteal muscles. The dorsal small trochanter (minor trochanter) also serves as a starting point for various thigh muscles. Another starting point for the muscles is formed by a depression (fossa trochanterica) between the neck and the large trochanter as well as the connections between the two trochanteric mounds. Ventrally, the two mounds are connected via the linea intertrochanterica and dorsally via the crista intertrochanterica.


Femoral shaft (Corpus femoris)

The shaft forms the strong middle part of the thigh bone and begins below the rolling hills. The dorsally located reinforcement bar (Linea aspera) serves as an attachment for almost all femoral adductors, but also ensures high stability with a small diameter.

The linea aspera consists of a central (labium medial) and a lateral groin (labium lateral). In the middle of the shaft, both groins are still close together. However, they diverge upwards and downwards. Proximal the labium laterale merges into a rough surface (Tuberositas glutaea) and the labium mediale is continued by the linea pectina under the small rolling mound. Distally, the two groins diverge into the medial supracondylaris line and the lateral supracondylaris line. These two lines limit the triangular bone field Facies poplitea.


Distal end

At the lower end, the femur is widened to two outwardly curved joint cartilages (condyle medialis and lateralis) covered with cartilage. Together with the tibia they form the knee joint. At the front, the cartilage unites to form an outwardly curved joint surface (Facies patellaris). This forms the connection to the patella. In addition, the gnarls each have small bony protrusions (epicondylus medialis and epicondylus lateralis) as an attachment. In the back, a pit (Fossa intercondylaris), limited by the Linea intercondylaris, separates the two joint gnarls from each other.

Axes and angles

Axes and angles of the femur

Collum axis

The collum axis (also called femoral neck axis) describes the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck.

Condylar axis

The condyle axis is the anterior border of the intercondylar fossa and thus represents a condyle bisector.

CCD angle

The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the major axis of the shaft is called the Centrum-Collum-Diaphyseal Angle (CCD angle). Depending on age and sex, the angle varies. In newborns and infants the angle is up to 150 degrees. With increasing age it decreases steadily and finally amounts to 120 to 130 degrees in adults. Due to the changed strain on the bones during growth, there is a continuous bone remodelling. This is the reason for the change in the CCD angle with advancing age.

Antetorsion angle

The torsion angle is the twisting of the transverse axes of the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The distal end is turned inwards (towards the median plane) by about 12-20 degrees compared to the proximal end.

Function

The thigh bone is involved in the formation of the hip joint as well as the knee joint. The large bone transfers the entire weight of the body from the pelvis to the lower leg.

Development

In the seventh embryonic week, ossifications of the femur can already be detected. These are manifested until the tenth fetal month. In the first year of life, the bone nuclei form in the caput femoris. The greater trochanter is formed approximately in the third year of life. The lesser trochanter follows between the eleventh and twelfth year of life. Closure of the epiphyseal fugues occurs between the 17th and 20th years of life and begins proximally earlier than distally.

Diseases

Free exploration

Look at the structure of the femur in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge with the exercises.
  • Exercises
  • Further article
  • Humerus
  • Foot bones
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