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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben: Untere Extremität|Lower extremity]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Oberschenkelknochen|Femur]]</div>
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Neighbouring structures]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Kniescheibe|Patella]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Unterschenkelknochen|Lower leg bone]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Wadenbein|Tibia]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Schienbein|Shinebone]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|Pelvic girdle]]</div>
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Body regions]]</div>
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<ul>'''Adjacent structures:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Kniescheibe|Patella]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Unterschenkelknochen|Lower leg bone]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Fibula|Fibula]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Tibia|Tibia]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Beckengürtel|Pelvis girdle]]</li></ul>
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<ul>'''Übergeordnete Strukturen:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Knochen Untere Extremität|Bones of the lower extremity ]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Untere Extremität|Lower extremity]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|Body regions]]</li></ul>
 
 
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Der Oberschenkel (Femur) liegt zwischen Hüfte und Unterschenkel. Die knöcherne Grundlage bildet der Oberschenkelknochen (Os femoris).
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The thigh (femur) lies between the hip and the lower leg. The bony basis is the thigh bone (Os femoris).
Dieser Röhrenknochen ist innen mit schwammartigen Knochenbälkchen (Spongiosa) gefüllt. So wird eine hohe Stabilität mit gleichzeitig gering bleibendem Gewicht erreicht. Im Alter verringert sich der Anteil an Knochenbälkchen, was bewirkt, dass der Knochen schneller bricht.
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This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone balls (cancellous bone). This ensures a high degree of stability while at the same time keeping the weight low. With age, the proportion of bone balls decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.
  
  
===Oberschenkelkopf (Caput ossis femoris)===
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===Femoral head (Caput ossis femoris)===
  
Der Femurkopf besitzt eine annähernd kugelförmige Gelenkfläche. Diese ist verbunden mit den Beckenknochen und bildet so das Hüftgelenk. Mittig des Kopfes befindet sich die Hüftkorbgrube (Fovea capitis femoris). Diese Vertiefung ist die Durchtrittsstelle für ein Band (Ligamentum capitis ossis femoris), das die Hüftkopf versorgende Arterie umschließt.   
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The head of the femur has an approximately spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip socket (fovea capitis femoris). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (ligamentum capitis ossis femoris) that surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head.   
Der Kopf geht leicht abgewinkelt in den Schenkelhals über. Der Oberschenkelkopf ist in etwa 135° gegenüber dem Oberschenkelschaft abgewinkelt. Dieser Winkel wird als Collum-Diaphysen-Winkel (CD-Winkel) bezeichnet.
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The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle. The femoral head is angled at about 135° to the femoral shaft. This angle is called the collum-diaphyseal angle (CD angle).
  
  
  
===Oberschenkelhals (Collum ossis femoris)===
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===Femoral neck (Collum ossis femoris)===
  
Der Schenkelhals wird von proximal nach distal dicker und ist von ventral nach dorsal abgeplattet.
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The femoral neck becomes thicker from proximal to distal and is flattened from ventral to dorsal.
  
Am lateralen Ende des Halses befinden sich zwei Knochenhöcker, sogenannte Rollhügel. Ventral liegt der große Rollhügel (Trochanter major), der einen Ansatzpunkt für die Gesäßmuskeln bildet. Der dorsal gelegene kleine Rollhügel (Trochanter minor) dient ebenfalls als Ansatzpunkt für verschiedene Oberschenkelmuskeln. Einen weiteren Ansatzpunkt für die Muskulatur bilden sowohl eine Vertiefung (Fossa trochanterica) zwischen Hals und großem Rollhügel als auch die Verbindungen der beiden Rollhügel. Ventral sind die beiden Hügel über die Linea intertrochanterica verbunden und dorsal über die Crista intertrochanterica.
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At the lateral end of the neck there are two bony humps, so-called rolling hills. The large trochanter (major trochanter) is located ventrally and forms a starting point for the gluteal muscles. The dorsal small trochanter (minor trochanter) also serves as a starting point for various thigh muscles. Another starting point for the muscles is formed by a depression (fossa trochanterica) between the neck and the large trochanter as well as the connections between the two trochanteric mounds. Ventrally, the two mounds are connected via the linea intertrochanterica and dorsally via the crista intertrochanterica.
  
  
===Oberschenkelschaft (Corpus femoris)===
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===Femoral shaft (Corpus femoris)===
  
Der Schaft bildet das kräftige Mittelstück des Oberschenkelknochens und beginnt unterhalb der Rollhügel. Die dorsal gelegene Verstärkungsleiste (Linea aspera) dient sowohl als Ansatz für fast alle Oberschenkeladduktoren, sorgt aber auch für eine hohe Stabilität bei geringem Durchmesser.
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The shaft forms the strong middle part of the thigh bone and begins below the rolling hills. The dorsally located reinforcement bar (Linea aspera) serves as an attachment for almost all femoral adductors, but also ensures high stability with a small diameter.
 
   
 
   
Die Linea aspera besteht aus einer mittigen (Labium mediale) und einer seitlichen Leiste (Labium laterale). In der Mitte des Schaftes sind beide Leisten noch dicht beieinander. Nach oben und unten divergieren sie jedoch auseinander. Proximal geht dabei die Labium laterale in eine raue Fläche (Tuberositas glutaea) über und die Labium mediale wird unter dem kleinen Rollhügel von der Linea pectina fortgeführt. Distal divergieren die beiden Leisten in die Linea supracondylaris medialis und Linea supracondylaris lateralis auseinander. Diese beiden Linien begrenzen das dreieckige Knochenfeld Facies poplitea.
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The linea aspera consists of a central (labium medial) and a lateral groin (labium lateral). In the middle of the shaft, both groins are still close together. However, they diverge upwards and downwards. Proximal the labium laterale merges into a rough surface (Tuberositas glutaea) and the labium mediale is continued by the linea pectina under the small rolling mound. Distally, the two groins diverge into the medial supracondylaris line and the lateral supracondylaris line. These two lines limit the triangular bone field Facies poplitea.
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===Distal end===
  
===Distales Ende===
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At the lower end, the femur is widened to two outwardly curved joint cartilages (condyle medialis and lateralis) covered with cartilage. Together with the tibia they form the knee joint.
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At the front, the cartilage unites to form an outwardly curved joint surface (Facies patellaris). This forms the connection to the patella. In addition, the gnarls each have small bony protrusions (epicondylus medialis and epicondylus lateralis) as an attachment.
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In the back, a pit (Fossa intercondylaris), limited by the Linea intercondylaris, separates the two joint gnarls from each other.
  
Am unteren Ende ist der Oberschenkelknochen zu zwei mit Knorpel überzogenen nach außen gekrümmten Gelenkknorren (Condylus medialis und lateralis) verbreitert. Mit dem Schienbein (Tibia) zusammen bilden sie das Kniegelenk.
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==Axes and angles==  
Vorne vereinigen sich die Knorren zu einer nach außen gekrümmten Gelenkfläche (Facies patellaris). Diese bildet die Verbindung zur Kniescheibe. Außerdem besitzen die Knorren jeweils als Aufsatz kleine Knochenvorsprünge (Epicondylus medialis und Epicondylus lateralis).
 
Hinten trennt eine Grube (Fossa intercondylaris), begrenzt durch die Linea intercondylaris, die beiden Gelenkknorren voneinander.
 
 
==Achsen und Winkel==
 
 
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Eingezeichnete Bewegungsachsen des Femurs" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Marked movement axes of the femur" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Kollumachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Schenkelhalsachse des Femurs"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Kondylenachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Kondylenachse des Femurs"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Projektion der Bewegunsachsen des Femurs"/>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:Kollumachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Femoral neck axis"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:Kondylenachse.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Condyle axis of the femur"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:FemurAchsen2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Projection of the movement axes of the femur"/>
 
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Achsen und Winkel des Femurs</div>
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Axes and angles of the femur</div>
 
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===Kollumachse===
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===Collum axis===
  
Die Kollumachse (auch Schenkelhalsachse genannt) beschreibt die Längsachse des Schenkelhalses.
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The collum axis (also called femoral neck axis) describes the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck.
  
===Kondylenachse===
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===Condylar axis===
  
Die Kondylenachse ist die vordere Grenze der Fossa intercondylaris und stellt somit eine Kondylenhalbierende dar.
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The condyle axis is the anterior border of the intercondylar fossa and thus represents a condyle bisector.
  
===CCD-Winkel===
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===CCD angle===
  
Der Winkel zwischen der Längsachse des Schenkelhalses und der Hauptachse des Schaftes wird Centrum-Collum-Diaphysen-Winkel (CCD-Winkel) genannt.   
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The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the major axis of the shaft is called the Centrum-Collum-Diaphyseal Angle (CCD angle).   
Je nach Alter und Geschlecht ist der Winkel verschieden groß. Beim Neugeborenen und Säugling beträgt der Winkel bis 150 Grad. Mit zunehmendem Alter nimmt er beständig ab und beträgt beim Erwachsenen schließlich 120 bis 130 Grad. Aufgrund der veränderten Beanspruchung der Knochen während des Wachstums kommt es zu einem kontinuierlichen Knochenumbau. Dieser ist die Ursache für die Veränderung des CCD-Winkels mit fortschreitendem Alter.
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Depending on age and sex, the angle varies. In newborns and infants the angle is up to 150 degrees. With increasing age it decreases steadily and finally amounts to 120 to 130 degrees in adults. Due to the changed strain on the bones during growth, there is a continuous bone remodelling. This is the reason for the change in the CCD angle with advancing age.
  
===Antetorsionswinkel===
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===Antetorsion angle===
  
Der Torsionswinkel ist die Verdrehung der Querachsen des distalen und proximalen Femurendes. Das distale Ende ist im Vergleich zum proximalen Ende nach einwärts (in Richtung Medianebene) um etwa 12–20 Grad gedreht.   
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The torsion angle is the twisting of the transverse axes of the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The distal end is turned inwards (towards the median plane) by about 12-20 degrees compared to the proximal end.   
  
==Funktion==
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==Function==
Der Oberschenkelknochen ist an der Bildung des Hüftgelenks sowie des Kniegelenks beteiligt. Der große Knochen überträgt das gesamte Gewicht des Körpers vom Becken auf den Unterschenkel.
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The thigh bone is involved in the formation of the hip joint as well as the knee joint. The large bone transfers the entire weight of the body from the pelvis to the lower leg.
  
==Entwicklung==
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==Development==
Es können bereits in der siebten Embryonalwoche Verknöcherungen des Oberschenkelknochens erkannt werden. Diese prägen sich bis zum zehnten Fetalmonat aus. Im ersten Lebensjahr bilden sich die Knochenkerne im Caput femoris. Der Trochanter major bildet sich ca. im dritten Lebensjahr. Der Trochanter minor folgt erst zwischen dem elften und zwölften Lebensjahr. Der Verschluss der Epiphysenfugen findet zwischen dem 17. und 20. Lebensjahr satt und beginnt proximal früher als distal.
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In the seventh embryonic week, ossifications of the femur can already be detected. These are manifested until the tenth fetal month. In the first year of life, the bone nuclei form in the caput femoris. The greater trochanter is formed approximately in the third year of life. The lesser trochanter follows between the eleventh and twelfth year of life. Closure of the epiphyseal fugues occurs between the 17th and 20th years of life and begins proximally earlier than distally.
  
==Erkrankungen==
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==Diseases==
* [[Special:MyLanugage/Femurfraktur|Femurfraktur]]
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* [[Special:MyLanugage/Femurfraktur|Femur fracture]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Arthrose|Arthrose]]
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* [[Special:MyLanguage/Arthrose|Arthrosis]]
  
==Freie Exploration==
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==Free exploration==
<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="FemurFrau" src="segmenter:XlBH7EGAzbr2" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>
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<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="FemurFrau" file="FemurFrau.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
  
<div style="float:left;width:50%">Schauen Sie sich die Struktur des Oberschenkelknochens in 3D an und explorieren Sie sie frei. Danach können Sie Ihr erlerntes Wissen durch die Übungsaufgaben überprüfen.</div>
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<div style="float:left;width:50%">Look at the structure of the femur in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge with the exercises.</div>
 
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<ul>'''Weitere Artikel:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Oberarmknochen|OBERARMKNOcHEN]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Fußknochen|FUSSKNOCHEN]]</li></ul>
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[[Category:Knochen Untere Extremität]]
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[[Category:Bones Lower Extremity]]
[[Category:Untere Extremität]]
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[[Category:Lower Extremity]]
[[Category:Körperregionen]]
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[[Category:Body regions]]
 
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Aktuelle Version vom 15. Dezember 2021, 10:13 Uhr

The thigh bone (lat. Femur or Os femoris) is the largest bone in the human body. It is located between the hip bone and the lower leg bones. It is divided into several sections: the femoral head (caput femoris), the femoral neck (collum femoris), the femoral shaft (corpus femoris) and the distal end.


Anatomy

Anatomy of the femur

Anatomy of the femur

The thigh (femur) lies between the hip and the lower leg. The bony basis is the thigh bone (Os femoris). This tubular bone is filled inside with spongy bone balls (cancellous bone). This ensures a high degree of stability while at the same time keeping the weight low. With age, the proportion of bone balls decreases, which causes the bone to break more quickly.


Femoral head (Caput ossis femoris)

The head of the femur has an approximately spherical joint surface. This is connected to the pelvic bones and thus forms the hip joint. In the middle of the head is the hip socket (fovea capitis femoris). This cavity is the point of passage for a ligament (ligamentum capitis ossis femoris) that surrounds the artery supplying the femoral head. The head merges into the femoral neck at a slight angle. The femoral head is angled at about 135° to the femoral shaft. This angle is called the collum-diaphyseal angle (CD angle).


Femoral neck (Collum ossis femoris)

The femoral neck becomes thicker from proximal to distal and is flattened from ventral to dorsal.

At the lateral end of the neck there are two bony humps, so-called rolling hills. The large trochanter (major trochanter) is located ventrally and forms a starting point for the gluteal muscles. The dorsal small trochanter (minor trochanter) also serves as a starting point for various thigh muscles. Another starting point for the muscles is formed by a depression (fossa trochanterica) between the neck and the large trochanter as well as the connections between the two trochanteric mounds. Ventrally, the two mounds are connected via the linea intertrochanterica and dorsally via the crista intertrochanterica.


Femoral shaft (Corpus femoris)

The shaft forms the strong middle part of the thigh bone and begins below the rolling hills. The dorsally located reinforcement bar (Linea aspera) serves as an attachment for almost all femoral adductors, but also ensures high stability with a small diameter.

The linea aspera consists of a central (labium medial) and a lateral groin (labium lateral). In the middle of the shaft, both groins are still close together. However, they diverge upwards and downwards. Proximal the labium laterale merges into a rough surface (Tuberositas glutaea) and the labium mediale is continued by the linea pectina under the small rolling mound. Distally, the two groins diverge into the medial supracondylaris line and the lateral supracondylaris line. These two lines limit the triangular bone field Facies poplitea.


Distal end

At the lower end, the femur is widened to two outwardly curved joint cartilages (condyle medialis and lateralis) covered with cartilage. Together with the tibia they form the knee joint. At the front, the cartilage unites to form an outwardly curved joint surface (Facies patellaris). This forms the connection to the patella. In addition, the gnarls each have small bony protrusions (epicondylus medialis and epicondylus lateralis) as an attachment. In the back, a pit (Fossa intercondylaris), limited by the Linea intercondylaris, separates the two joint gnarls from each other.

Axes and angles

Axes and angles of the femur

Collum axis

The collum axis (also called femoral neck axis) describes the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck.

Condylar axis

The condyle axis is the anterior border of the intercondylar fossa and thus represents a condyle bisector.

CCD angle

The angle between the longitudinal axis of the femoral neck and the major axis of the shaft is called the Centrum-Collum-Diaphyseal Angle (CCD angle). Depending on age and sex, the angle varies. In newborns and infants the angle is up to 150 degrees. With increasing age it decreases steadily and finally amounts to 120 to 130 degrees in adults. Due to the changed strain on the bones during growth, there is a continuous bone remodelling. This is the reason for the change in the CCD angle with advancing age.

Antetorsion angle

The torsion angle is the twisting of the transverse axes of the distal and proximal ends of the femur. The distal end is turned inwards (towards the median plane) by about 12-20 degrees compared to the proximal end.

Function

The thigh bone is involved in the formation of the hip joint as well as the knee joint. The large bone transfers the entire weight of the body from the pelvis to the lower leg.

Development

In the seventh embryonic week, ossifications of the femur can already be detected. These are manifested until the tenth fetal month. In the first year of life, the bone nuclei form in the caput femoris. The greater trochanter is formed approximately in the third year of life. The lesser trochanter follows between the eleventh and twelfth year of life. Closure of the epiphyseal fugues occurs between the 17th and 20th years of life and begins proximally earlier than distally.

Diseases

Free exploration

Look at the structure of the femur in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards you can test your acquired knowledge with the exercises.


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