Herz/en: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

Aus Dornheim Anatomy
Wechseln zu:Navigation, Suche
 
(94 dazwischenliegende Versionen von 2 Benutzern werden nicht angezeigt)
Zeile 1: Zeile 1:
 
<!--<html5media width="600" poster="https://test1.anatomy.dornheim.cloud/images/2/29/Aufgabe_Herz.png">https://dornheim.cloud/remote.php/webdav/Virtual-Anatomy-System/pico/production/assets/Videos/Herz.mp4</html5media>-->
 
<!--<html5media width="600" poster="https://test1.anatomy.dornheim.cloud/images/2/29/Aufgabe_Herz.png">https://dornheim.cloud/remote.php/webdav/Virtual-Anatomy-System/pico/production/assets/Videos/Herz.mp4</html5media>-->
<div style="text-align:justify;">
+
The heart (lat. cor) is a hollow muscle. Through its contractions the blood is pumped through the body. It is a vital organ that ensures the necessary supply of blood to the other organs.  
The heart (lat. Cor) is a hollow muscle. Through its contractions the blood is pumped through the body. It is a vital organ that ensures the necessary supply of blood to the other organs.  
+
 
 
<div class="button_style">
 
<div class="button_style">
<div class ="center"> <li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|to the exercises]]</li></div>
+
<div class ="center">
 +
<div class="dropdown">
 +
<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Exercises]]</div>
 +
<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Exercises]]</div>
 +
<div class="dropdown-content">
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben: Thorax|thorax]]</div>
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Herz - Struktur zu Name|Heart - ventral 1]]</div>
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Herz - Name zu Struktur|Heart - ventral 2]]</div>
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Herz Blutströme|Heart blood streams]]</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
 
<div class="box">
 
<div class="box">
 
<div class="pic">__TOC__</div>
 
<div class="pic">__TOC__</div>
<div class="segmenter"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="herz" src="segmenter:OQv6EV3TM276" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>
+
<div class="segmenter"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="herzteile" file="Herzteile.seg" height="300" width="400"/></div>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="dropdown">
 +
<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Neighbouring structures]]</div>
 +
<div class="dropbtnart">Neighbouring structures</div>
 +
<div class="dropdown-content">
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Lunge|Lung]]</div>
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Zwerchfell|Diaphragm]]</div>
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Brustbein|Sternum]]</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="dropdown">
 +
<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Body regions]]</div>
 +
<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|Body regions]]</div>
 +
<div class="dropdown-content">
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Organe Thorax|Organs thorax]]</div>
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Innere Organe|Inner Organs]]</div>
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]]</div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="dropdown">
 +
<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Organ system]]</div>
 +
<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Organsystem|Organ system]]</div>
 +
<div class="dropdown-content">
 +
<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Herz-Kreislauf-System|Cardiovascular system]]</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
<div class="button_style">
 
<ul>'''NEIGHBOURING STRUCTURES:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Lunge|Lung]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Zwerchfell|Diaphragm]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Brustbein|Sternum]]</li></ul>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
<div class="button_style">
 
<ul><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|Body regions:]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Organs Thorax|Thoracic organs]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Innere Organe|Inner Organs]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]]</li></ul>
 
<ul><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Organsystem|Organic system:]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new">[[Special:MyLanguage/Herz-Kreislauf-System|Cardiovascular system]]</li></ul></div>
 
<div class="clear"></div>
 
 
----
 
----
==Heart in situ==
+
==Heart in situ==  
 +
<div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
 +
<div class="picture">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:HerzInSitu6.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Heart in situ" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:HerzInSitu2.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Heart surrounded by the ribs"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:HerzInSitu.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Structure heart in Situ"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:HerzInSitu3.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Heart segments in situ"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:HerzInSitu4.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Blood vessels at the heart in situ"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="thumbcaption">
 +
Anatomy of the heart in situ</div>
 +
</div>
  
 +
The heart is located approximately in the middle of the thorax, which is called the mediastinum. The representation in the WebViewer is greatly simplified.
 +
In order to have a clear view of the heart, the thorax must be opened extensively and the connective tissue in the mediastinum anterius removed. Approximately two-thirds of the heart is located to the left of the breastbone and one-third to the right. The apex of the heart (apex cortis) points to the left front and lies on one level with the left nipple. Its contraction (the so-called cardiac apex thrust) can be felt as a tender beat through the chest wall. Viewed ventrally, the heart is located obliquely and turned counterclockwise in the thorax. At the front it reaches the sternum and at the back it is bounded by the trachea and oesophagus. On the left and right it is surrounded by the lungs.
 +
The right ventricle is clearly visible from the ventral view. The left ventricle is only partially visible.
 +
Even the large vessels are not all visible at the base of the heart. The vv. pulmonales lies on the flip side of the heart and merges in the left atrium, which is also dorsal. Clearly recognizable, however, are the two heart ears (auricula sinistra and dextra), each located on the periphery. 
  
The heart is located approximately in the middle of the thorax, which is called the mediastinum. The representation in the WebViewer is greatly simplified.<br>
 
In order to have a clear view of the heart, the thorax must be opened extensively and the connective tissue in the mediastinum anterius removed. Approximately two-thirds of the heart is located to the left of the breastbone and one-third to the right. The apex of the heart (apex cortis) points to the left front and lies on one level with the left nipple. Its contraction (the so-called cardiac apex thrust) can be felt as a tender beat through the chest wall. Viewed ventrally, the heart is located obliquely and turned counterclockwise in the thorax. At the front it reaches the sternum and at the back it is bounded by the trachea and oesophagus. On the left and right it is surrounded by the lungs. <br>
 
The right ventricle is clearly visible from the ventral view. The left ventricle is only partially visible.<br>
 
Even the large vessels are not all visible at the base of the heart. The Vv. pulmonales lies on the flip side of the heart and merges in the left atrium, which is also dorsal. Clearly recognizable, however, are the two heart ears (Auricula sinistra and dextra), each located on the periphery. The epicardium surrounding the heart is not visible in this representation. 
 
  
 +
==Form and structure==
 +
<!--<div style="float:right; margin-left:3em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="situ" file="situ.seg" height="200" width="300"/></div>-->
 +
<div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
 +
<div class="picture">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:Herz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the heart (ventral)" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:HerzDorsal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the heart (dorsal)"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:RechtesHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Right heart"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:LinkesHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Left heart"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:RechterVentrikel.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Right ventricle"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:RechterVorhof.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Right atrium"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:AuriculumLinks.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Auricula sinistra"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:LinkerVentrikel.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Left ventricle"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:LinkerVorhof.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Left atrium"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:AuriculumRechts.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Auricula dextra"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="thumbcaption">
 +
Antomy of the heart</div>
 +
</div>
  
==Form and structure==
 
<div style="float:right; margin-left:3em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="situ" src="segmenter:s7XXqBb1S3cE" height="200px" width="300px"/></div>
 
 
<div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
 
<div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
 
<div class="picture">
 
<div class="picture">
<lightbox-embedding src="file:SnapshotHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="View of the heart in the viewer" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
+
<lightbox-embedding src="file:GefaeseHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Vessels at the heart" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:AortaKoerperkreislauf.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Transition heart to body circulation"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:VeneKoerperkreislauf.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Transition from body circulation to heart"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:ArterieLungenkreislauf.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Transition heart to pulmonary circulation"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:VeneLungenkreislauf.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Transition from pulmonary circulation to heart"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:RechterVorhof.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Right atrium"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:AuriculumLinks.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Auricula sinistra"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:LinkerVentrikel.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Left venricle"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:LinkerVorhof.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Left atrium"/>
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
<div class="thumbcaption">
 
<div class="thumbcaption">
View of the heart</div>
+
Anatomie der Gefäße am Herz</div>
 
</div>
 
</div>
  
Zeile 45: Zeile 109:
 
* a heart base inclined upwards, to the right and dorsally  
 
* a heart base inclined upwards, to the right and dorsally  
  
On the side of the heart that lies on the sternum and costae, the right ventricle is visible, separated from the left ventricle by the anterior interventricular sulcus. <segmenter-snapshot wsemb_id="aufbau" snapshot_index="4">From this angle</segmenter-snapshot> the left ventricle forms the left edge of the heart and the apex cordis.  
+
<!--[segmenter_snapshot aufbau 4][/]-->On the side of the heart that rests on the sternum and costae, you can see the right ventricle, which is separated from the left ventricle by the sulcus interventricularis anterior. From this angle, the left ventricle forms the left edge of the heart and the apex cordis.<br>
The anterior intercostal furrow (sulcus interventricularis anterior) contains the R. interventricularis anterior, the A. coronaria sinistra and the V. interventricularis anterior. The sulcus interventricularis anterior describes the course of the ventricular septum inside the heart.<br>
+
The anterior interventricular groove (sulcus interventricularis anterior) contains the r. interventricularis anterior of the a. coronaria sinistra and the v. interventricularis anterior. The sulcus interventricularis anterior describes the course of the ventricular septum inside the heart.<br>
<segmenter-snapshot wsemb_id="aufbau" snapshot_index="5">The atria (atrium sinistrum and dextrum)</segmenter-snapshot> are separated from the ventricles by the sulcus coronarius which also contains coronary vessels. <br>  
+
<!--[segmenter_snapshot aufbau 5][/]-->The atria (atrium sinistrum and dextrum) are separated from the ventricles by the sulcus coronarius, which also contains coronary vessels. <br>  
The right auricle (Auricula dextra) attaches to the base of the aorta (Pars ascendens), the left auricle (Auricula sinistra) to the base of the truncus pulmonalis. From this perspective the aorta hides the exit of the right pulmonary artery from the pulmonary trunk.  
+
The right atrium (auricle dextra) attaches to the base of the aorta (pars ascendens), the left atrium (auricle sinistra) to the base of the truncus pulmonalis. From this perspective, the aorta obscures the exit of the right pulmonary artery from the pulmonary trunk.  
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
  
<segmenter-snapshot wsemb_id="aufbau" snapshot_index="2"><b>View from dorsal and caudal</b></segmenter-snapshot>
+
<!--[segmenter_snapshot aufbau 2][/]--><b>View from dorsal and caudal</b>
  
By turning the heart ventrally, the side facing the diaphragm (Fascies diaphragmatica) becomes more visible. Exclusively from caudally from the viewing direction of the diaphragm it can be seen that the <segmenter-snapshot wsemb_id="ventral" snapshot_index="8">both Vv. cavae</segmenter-snapshot> lie in one axis.  
+
By turning the heart ventrally, the side facing the diaphragm (Fascies diaphragmatica) becomes more visible. Exclusively from caudally from the viewing direction of the diaphragm it can be seen that the <!--<segmenter-snapshot wsemb_id="aufbau" snapshot_index="8">-->both Vv. cavae<!--</segmenter-snapshot>--> lie in one axis.  
  
 
<br>
 
<br>
  
<!--[segmenter_snapshot aufbau 3][/]--><b>Ansicht von dorsal</b>  
+
<!--[segmenter_snapshot aufbau 3][/]--><b>View from dorsal</b>  
  
 
<!--[segmenter_snapshot aufbau 6][/]-->
 
<!--[segmenter_snapshot aufbau 6][/]-->
 
<div style="padding-right:50px;">
 
<div style="padding-right:50px;">
Aus dieser Perspektive ist gut erkennbar, wie der Arcus aortae den Truncus pulmonalis überquert, wo sich dieser in die A. pulmonalis sinistra bzw. A. pulmonalis dextra aufteilt. An dieser Stelle zweigen die drei großen Arterien zur oberen Extremität und zu Hals und Schädel ab: Truncus brachiocephalicus, A.carotis communis sinisra und A. subclavia sinistra. Auch die Mündungen der - meist vier - Vv. pulmonales in den linken Vorhof (Atrium sinistrum) sowie der zwei Vv.cavae in den rechten Vorhof (Atrium dextrum) sind gut zu sehen. Ebenfalls sichtbar wird hier der Sinus coronarius im gleichnamigen Sulcus. Dieser Sinus ist das Sammelgefäß für das venöse Blut, das dem Herzen über die Vv.cardiacae zugeführt wird.  
+
From this perspectiveit is clearly visible how the Arcus aortae crosses the Truncus pulmonalis, where it divides into the A. pulmonalis sinistra and A. pulmonalis dextra. At this point the three major arteries branch off to the upper extremity and to the neck and skull: Truncus brachiocephalicus, A. carotis communis sinisra and A. subclavia sinistra. Also the orifices of the - usually four - Vv. pulmonales into the left atrium (Atrium sinistrum) and the two Vv. cavae into the right atrium (Atrium dextrum) are well visible. Also visible here is the sinus coronarius in the sulcus of the same name. This sinus is the collection vessel for the venous blood that is supplied to the heart via the Vv. cardiacae.  
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
<br>
 
<br>
<div class="clear">  
+
<div class="clear">
  
 +
==Inner spaces==
 +
<div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
 +
<div class="picture">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:ArteriellerAusstrom.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Arterial outflow from left heart" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:ArteriellerZustrom.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Arterial flow to the left heart"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:BlutstromImLinkenHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Blood flow in the left heart"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:BlutstroemeLinkesHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Blood flows at the left heart"/><lightbox-embedding src="file:BlutstromZurLunge.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Blood flow to the lungs"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="gallery">
 +
<lightbox-embedding src="file:VenöserZustrom.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Venous inflow to the left heart"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:BlutstromImRechtenHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Blood flow in the right heart"/> <lightbox-embedding src="file:BlutstroemeRechtesHerz.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Blood flows at the right heart"/>
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="thumbcaption">
 +
Blood flows at and in the heart</div>
 +
</div>
  
==Binnenräume==
+
In the heart, four internal spaces are distinguished (one chamber (ventricle) and one atrium (atrium) on the left and right respectively). The atria are adjacent to the ventricles, which are connected to the lungs or the major arteries and veins of the body by their outgoing vessels.
  
Im Herzen werden vier Binnenräumen (jeweils links und rechts eine Kammer (Ventrikel) und ein Vorhof (Atrium)) unterschieden. Die Vorhöfe grenzen jeweils an die Ventrikel, die über ihre abgehenden Gefäße mit der Lunge oder den großen Körperarterien und -venen verbunden sind.
 
  
 
+
===Inner spaces of the left heart===
===Binnenräume des linken Herzens===
 
 
<div style="float:right; margin-left:3em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="raum" src="segmenter:p8Ep5Z3M5Hzy" height="200px" width="300px"/></div>
 
<div style="float:right; margin-left:3em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="raum" src="segmenter:p8Ep5Z3M5Hzy" height="200px" width="300px"/></div>
  
Der linke Vorhof ist glattwandig zwischen den Einmündungen der vier Lungenvenen (Vv. pulmonales dextra/sinistra superior und inferior). Die Muskelwand des linken Vorhofs ist dünner als die des rechten, da er zum Niederdrucksystem gehört.  
+
The <b>left atrium</b> has smooth walls between the openings of the four pulmonary veins (Vv. pulmonales dextra/sinistra superior and inferior). The muscle wall of the left atrium is thinner than that of the right atrium because it belongs to the low pressure system.  
Die schmale Falte (Valvula foraminis ovalis) ist zeitweilig am Septum interatriale zu sehen. Sie entsteht durch emporragen der Fossa ovalis in den linken Vorhof.  
+
The narrow fold (valvula foraminis ovalis) is temporarily visible at the septum interatriale. It is formed by raising the fossa ovalis into the left atrium.  
  
<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 4]-->Das Blut gelangt über das Ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum vom linken Vorhof in den <b>linken Ventrikel</b><!--[/]-->.
+
<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 4]-->Blood passes from the left atrium into the <b>left ventricle</b> via the ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum.<!--[/]-->.
Das Ostium atrioventriculare kann dabei durch das Valva atrioventricularis sinistra verschlossen werden. <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 5]--> Außerdem besitzt der linke Ventrikel eine Ein- und Ausstrombahn.<!--[/]--> Wobei der Einstrom entlang der Hinterwand, der linken Seitenwand wie auch des apikalen Abschnittes verläuft.
+
The ostium atrioventriculare can be closed by the valva atrioventricularis sinistra. <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 5]--> The left ventricle also has an inflow and outflow pathway.<!--[/]--> The inflow passes along the posterior wall, the left lateral wall as well as the apical section. The smooth-walled outflow tract is located near the  <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 7]-->septum interventriculare<!--[/]--> and continues into the vestibulum aortae. It consists largely of musculature (pars muscularis). <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 6]--> The ostium aortae is the opening between the aortic outflow tract of the left ventricle and the aorta.<!--[/]--> The wall of the left ventricle is about three times as thick as that of the right ventricle and thus belongs to the high-pressure system.
Die glattwandige Ausstrombahn befindet sich in der Nähe vom <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 7]--> Septum interventriculare<!--[/]--> und setzt sich in das Vestibulum aortae fort. Sie besteht größtenteils aus Muskulatur (Pars muscularis). <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 6]--> Als Ostium aortae bezeichnet man die Öffnung zwischen der aortalen Ausstrombahn des linken Ventrikels  und der Aorta.<!--[/]--> Die Wand des linken Ventrikels ist ca. drei mal so dick, wie die des rechten Ventrikels und gehört somit zum Hochdrucksystem.
 
  
  
===Binnenräume des rechten Herzens===
+
===Inner spaces of the right heart===
  
Der hintere Teil des rechten Vorhofs besteht aus dem Sinus venarum cavarum (Vorhofsinus).<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 0]--> Am Ostium cavea superioris und inferioris münden die beiden Vv. cavae (superior und inferior).<!--[/]--> Von diesen kann das Blut nahtlos ohne dazwischenliegende Klappen in den Vorhof einfließen. Die Fossa ovalis befindet sich über dem Einmündungsort der V. cava inferior und wird vom Limbus fosssae ovalis umrandet. Die Crista terminalis grenzt den vorderen Teil (rechter Vorhof mit Herzohr) vom hinteren ab.<br>  
+
The posterior part of the right atrium consists of the sinus venarum cavarum (atrial sinus).<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 0]--> At the ostium cavea superioris and inferioris the two vv. cavae (superior and inferior) open.<!--[/]--> From these, blood can flow seamlessly into the atrium without intervening valves. The oval fossa is located above the confluence of the inferior vena cava and is surrounded by the oval fossa limbus. The crista terminalis separates the anterior part (right atrium with heart ear) from the posterior.<br>  
Der rechte Vorhof ist größer als der linke und gehört ebenfalls zum Niederdrucksystem. Im Gegensatz zum glattwandigen vorderen Abschnitts des Vorhofs, weißt der hintere Teil deutlich mehr Struktur auf.
+
The right atrium is larger than the left and also belongs to the low-pressure system. In contrast to the smooth-walled anterior section of the atrium, the posterior part has significantly more structure.
  
Durch die Trabeculae carnea und die Crista supraventricularis lässt sich der rechte Ventrikel auch in zwei Teile trennen.<br>
+
The right ventricle can also be separated into two parts by the trabeculae carnea and the crista supraventricularis.<br>
<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 1]-->Das Blut fließt über das Ostium atrioventriculare dextrum in die rechte Herzkammer.<!--[/]--> Auch hier erkennt man eine <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 2]--> Ein- und Ausflussbahn<!--[/]-->. Im Einstrombereich befinden sich die Trabeculae carneae, dabei handelt es sich um kleine Muskelbälkchen. Auch hier sind die Mm. papillares über Chordae tendineae mit der Valva atrioventricularis (dextra) verbunden.<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 3]--> Die Ausflussbahn setzt über dem Conus arteriosus fort.<!--[/]--> Als Conus arteriosus bezeichnet man den kegelförmigen Übergang der rechten Herzkammer in den Truncus pulmonalis. Dieser Bereich ist glattwandig und weist keine Trabeculae carneae auf. Das Blut fließt über die Pulmonalklappe (Valva trunci pulmonalis) durch das Ostium trunci pulmonalis in den Truncus pulmonalis. Auch der rechte Ventrikel gehört zum Niederdrucksystem.
+
<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 1]-->The blood flows via the ostium atrioventriculare dextrum into the right ventricle.<!--[/]--> Here, too, there is an <!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 2]-->inflow and outflow trajectory<!--[/]-->. In the inflow area are the trabeculae carneae, which are small muscle bulbs. Here too, the papillary muscles are connected to the valva atrioventricularis (dextra) via chordae tendineae.<!--[segmenter_snapshot raum 3]--> The outflow tract continues over the conus arteriosus.<!--[/]--> The conus arteriosus is the cone-shaped transition of the right ventricle into the truncus pulmonalis. This area is smooth-walled and has no trabeculae carneae. The blood flows over the pulmonary valve (valva trunci pulmonalis) through the ostium trunci pulmonalis into the truncus pulmonalis. The right ventricle also belongs to the low-pressure system.
  
 +
==Overview of the heart valves==
  
==Übersicht über die Herzklappen <i>(Demnächst)</i>==
+
There are two types of valves in the heart: atrioventricular valves and vascular valves. The four heart valves serve to allow blood to flow in the heart in only one direction and thus prevent backflow of blood. The leaflet valves are located between the atria and the ventricles. The pocket valves are located between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
  
Es werden zwei Arten von Klappen im Herzen unterschieden: Vorhof-Kammer-Klappen und Gefäßklappen.
+
===Sail valves (Valvae atrioventriculares)===
 +
The sail valves (valvae atrioventriculares) are also called atrioventricular valves (AV valves). They include the tricuspid valve (valva atrioventricularis dextra) and the bicuspid valve (valva atrioventricularis sinistra). These valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during contraction of the heart. The name of the valves comes from their shape, which resembles a sail. They project into the ostium atrioventricularis dextrum as well as sinistrum. The sail valves are attached to the musculi papillares via the chordae tendinae. These are a special form of the trabeculae carneae. Thus, the leaflet valves are mechanically attached to the cardiac skeleton.
  
 +
During systole, the blood is forced out of the ventricle. In the process, the leaflet valves inflate and are filled with blood. The anchoring of the valves to the chordae tendinae and the contraction of the papillary muscles prevent the valves from opening into the atrium. The leaflet valves are located at the level of the ostium because the bulging of the leaflets towards the atrium is cancelled by the retraction of the papillary muscles.
  
 +
'''Tricuspid valve'''<br>
 +
The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle. It prevents systolic backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium. It is made up of three leaflets: Cuspis anterior, cuspus posterior and cuspus septalis.
  
==Herzauskultation <i>(Demnächst)</i>==
+
'''Bicuspid valve'''<br>
 +
The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Unlike the tricuspid valve, the bicuspid valve consists of only two leaflets (cuspis anterior and cuspis posterior).
  
Bei einer Funktionsstörung entstehen durch Wirbelbildungen des Blutes hörbare Strömungsgeräusche.
+
===Semilunar valves (Valvae semilunares)===
 +
The pulmonary valve and the aortic valve belong to the semilunar valves. Their structure is made up of a thin connective tissue with an endocardial covering. The valves are composed of three crescent-shaped pockets (valvula semilunaris anterior, sinistra and dextra) and open in the direction of the vessels in the ostium aortae or ostium trunci pulmonalis. The individual valves have a free edge (lunula valvae semilunares), which thickens in the middle to form a small connective tissue nodule (nodulus valvulae semilunaris). When the valve closes, the nodules and lunulae meet. In this way, the ostium is completely sealed. The backflow of blood is prevented by filling the pockets. No muscle contraction is necessary in this process.
  
 +
'''Pulmonary valve (valva trunci pulmonalis)'''<br>
 +
The pulmonary valve prevents the backflow of blood into the right ventricle. Since this valve is located between two low-pressure systems (venous limb of the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation), it is thinner.
  
 +
'''Aortic valve (valva aortae)'''<br>
 +
The aortic valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle. It has a slight outward bulge (sinus aortae). The coronary vessels ( a. coronaria sinistra and dextra) originate in the left and right sinus aortae, so that the heart is supplied with blood.
  
==Erregungsbildungs- und Erregungsleitungssystem <i>(Demnächst)</i>==
+
==Cardiac auscultation==
  
Im Herzen gibt es ein autonomes Erregungsbildungssystem (Systema conducente cordis) und ein Erregungsleitungssystem (Systema conducente cordis). Es werden dabei vier Abschnitte unterschieden.
+
In the case of a malfunction, audible flow noises are caused by the formation of whirls in the blood. Cardiac auscultation is an old but important method for recognizing these sounds. It is used both for the initial detection and the follow-up of functional disorders. The basis is that two sounds can be heard in a healthy adult heart. The first heart sound (S1) is at the beginning of systole. The tone is produced by the blood column hitting the leaflet valves and not, as is often assumed, by the closure of the valves. The second heart sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the leaflet valves at the end of systole. It is much brighter than the first heart sound. The two sounds are clearly audible at different locations. The first heart sound is clearly heard above the apex of the heart, whereas the second heart sound is clearly heard above the base of the heart. At Erb's point, which is located on the left parasternal side in the third intercostal space, all heart valves can be detected equally well. Specific points on the chest are recommended for auscultation of individual heart valves, as the sounds are projected to these locations and can thus be heard loudest:
 +
* Aortic valve: 2/3rd intercostal space right parasternal.
 +
* Pulmonary valve: 2nd intercostal space left parasternal
 +
* Tricuspid valve: 4th intercostal space right parasternal
 +
* Bicuspid valve: 5th intercostal space left medioclavicular
  
 +
==Excitation formation and excitation conduction system <i>(Coming soon)</i>==
  
===Sinusknoten===
+
In the heart there is an autonomous excitation generation system (systema conducente cordis) and an excitation conduction system (systema conducente cordis). A distinction is made between four sections. When the heart is excited, the atrial and ventricular muscles contract about 100,000 times a day. The heart muscle is controlled by electrical impulses. The resulting impulses spread through a special cell system of the heart muscle.
  
auch Nodus sinuatrialis oder Keith-Flack-Knoten<br>
 
  
 +
===Sinus node=== 
  
===Atrioventrikularknoten===
+
The sinus node is also called the nodus sinuatrialis or Keith-Flack node. Macroscopically, it consists of a muscular structure that is about 3 mm thick and 10 mm long. The external shape resembles a comma. It is located on the dorsal side of the right heart, subepicardially in the terminal sulcus. Cranial to the sinus node is the junction of the superior vena cava. In some cases, the sinus node extends into the right heart ear.
  
 +
Functionally, the sinus node is the primary pacemaker centre of the heart and is therefore involved in the complex regulation of the heart rate. The sinus node has the central role of excitation formation. It generates excitation volleys with a resting frequency of 60-70 impulses per minute. The pulses are used to excite the atrial myocardium, as the atrial excitation wave propagates towards the ventricles. The sinuatrial ramus nodi provides blood flow to the sinus node. It is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sinus node consists of specific heart muscle cells:
  
auch Nodus atrioventricularis, AV-Knoten oder Aschoff-Tawara-Knoten<br>
+
'''P cells'''<br>
 +
The P cells (''pacemakers'') are roundish, pale cells that are usually present in groups. They are connected to each other by nexus and desmosomes.
  
 +
'''Transition cells'''<br>
 +
Transition cells are elongated and partially branched cardiomyocytes. They contain a large number of myofibrils. The transition cells connect the P cells and establish a connection to the working myocardium.
  
===Atrioventrikularbündel===  
+
===Atrioventricular node===  
  
 +
The atrioventricular node is also called the nodus atrioventricularis, AV node or Aschoff-Tawara node. It is the secondary pacemaker centre of the heart. The AV node is 5 mm long, 3 mm wide and 1 mm thick and is located in the right atrium. Its exact location is at the base of the atrial septum before the confluence of the coronary sinus. This area is called the triangle of Koch. The atrioventricular node serves to regulate stimulus exaggeration via the non-conducting cardiac skeleton. It is continued by the His bundle, which continues towards the apex of the heart. The AV node is also controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Blood flow takes place through the ramus nodi atrioventricularis from the arteria coronaria dextra. Its main function is to delay the transmission of excitation to the ventricles. This ensures that the atrial contraction is completed before the ventricular contraction begins. Spontaneous excitations can also be generated by the AV node. However, these have a much lower frequency (40-50 depolarisations per minute) than the sinus node. This impulse excitation does not take place as long as the sinus node is intact.
  
auch Fasciculus atrioventricularis, AV-Bündel oder His-Bündel<br>
+
===Atrioventricular bundle===
  
 +
The atrioventricular bundle, also known as the fasciculus atrioventricularis, AV bundle or His bundle, is a component of the heart's conduction system. It is 4 mm thick and 20 mm long. The AV bundle originates subendocardially in the atrium from the AV node. It penetrates the trigonum fibrosum dextrum and then divides into the two tawara legs in the pars membranacea of the ventricular septum. The function of the AV bundle is to transmit excitation from the AV node to the ventricular legs.
  
===Kammerschenkel===  
+
===Bundle branch===
  
 +
The bundle branches are also called crus dextrum and sinistrum or tawara branches. The tawara legs divide at the AV bundle. Their main function is to transmit excitation from the His bundle via the nexus into the working myocardium. The left Tawara branch (crus sinistrum) branches off almost perpendicularly from the His bundle and then fans out. This creates the following structures: posterior fascicle, middle fascicle and anterior fascicle. The right tawara limb (crus dextrum) continues anteriorly and enters the myocardium of the ventricular septum. It continues towards the apex of the heart. In the ventricular myocardium, excitation is transmitted via the Purkinje fibres.
  
auch Crus dextrum und sinistrum oder Tawara-Schenkel<br>
+
==Diseases==
  
 +
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Herzinfarkt|Myocardial infarction]]
 +
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Herzinsuffizienz|Cardiac Failure]]
 +
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Herzrhythmusstörung|Cardiac arrhythmia]]
  
==Erkrankungen==  
+
==Free exploration==
  
 +
{{Tab4|Button1=Heart|Button2=Heart vessels|Button3=Internal spaces in the heart|Button4=Heart in situ|Segmenter1=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="herzteile" file="Herzteile.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt1=<b>Structure of the heart</b><br>Look at the heart in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can look at other cases or check your acquired knowledge through the practice exercises.|Segmenter2=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="Herzgefäße" file="Herzgefaesse.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt2=<b>Heart vessels</b><br>Look at the vessels that connect the heart to the body and pulmonary circulation as well as some coronary vessels.|Segmenter3=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="HerzBinnenraeume" file="HerzBinnenraeume.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt3=<b>Internal spaces in the heart</b><br>Look at the internal spaces in the individual parts of the heart.|Segmenter4=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb-id="HerzInSitu" file="HerzInSitu.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt4=<b>Heart in situ</b><br>Look at the heart in situ.}}
  
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Herzinfarkt|Herzinfarkt]]
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Herzinsuffizienz|Herzinsuffizienz]]
 
*[[Special:MyLanguage/Herzrhythmusstörung|Herzrhythmusstörung]]
 
  
==Freies Explorieren==
+
----
<div style="float:left;margin-right:1em;"><segmenter-embedding wsemb_id="herz" src="segmenter:OQv6EV3TM276" height="300px" width="500px"/></div>
+
<div class="clear aufgaben" style="margin-bottom:1em;">
 +
<div class="menu_item">
 +
<div><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Exercises]]</li></div>
 +
</div>
 +
</div>
  
<div style="float:left;width:50%">Schauen Sie sich die Struktur des Herzens in 3D an und explorieren Sie sie frei. Danach können Sie Ihr erlerntes Wissen durch die Übungsaufgaben überprüfen.</div>
+
<div class="clear aufgaben">
<div class="clear"></div>
+
<div class="menu_item">
 +
<li class="button_article"><b>Further article</b></li>
 +
</div>
  
 +
<div class="menu_item">
 +
<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Niere (Ren)|Kidney]]</li>
 +
</div>
  
----
+
<div class="menu_item">
<div class="button_style">
+
<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Humerus|Humerus]]</li>
<ul class="center"> <li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|ÜBUNGSAUFGABEN]]</li></ul></div>
+
</div>
<div class="button_style">
+
</div>
<ul>'''WEITERE ARTIKEL:'''<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Niere (Ren)|Niere]]</li><li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Humerus|OBERARMKNOCHEN]]</li></ul>
 
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
 
<div class="clear"></div>
 
<div class="clear"></div>
 
----
 
----
  
[[Category:Organsystem]]
+
[[Category:Organ system]]
  
 
</div>
 
</div>
 
<languages/>
 
<languages/>

Aktuelle Version vom 11. Mai 2022, 07:24 Uhr

The heart (lat. cor) is a hollow muscle. Through its contractions the blood is pumped through the body. It is a vital organ that ensures the necessary supply of blood to the other organs.


Heart in situ

Anatomy of the heart in situ

The heart is located approximately in the middle of the thorax, which is called the mediastinum. The representation in the WebViewer is greatly simplified. In order to have a clear view of the heart, the thorax must be opened extensively and the connective tissue in the mediastinum anterius removed. Approximately two-thirds of the heart is located to the left of the breastbone and one-third to the right. The apex of the heart (apex cortis) points to the left front and lies on one level with the left nipple. Its contraction (the so-called cardiac apex thrust) can be felt as a tender beat through the chest wall. Viewed ventrally, the heart is located obliquely and turned counterclockwise in the thorax. At the front it reaches the sternum and at the back it is bounded by the trachea and oesophagus. On the left and right it is surrounded by the lungs. The right ventricle is clearly visible from the ventral view. The left ventricle is only partially visible. Even the large vessels are not all visible at the base of the heart. The vv. pulmonales lies on the flip side of the heart and merges in the left atrium, which is also dorsal. Clearly recognizable, however, are the two heart ears (auricula sinistra and dextra), each located on the periphery.


Form and structure

Antomy of the heart

Anatomie der Gefäße am Herz

View from ventral
The heart (Cor) has the shape of an obliquely inclined cone and is a muscular hollow organ. The following structures are differentiated in the heart:

  • a downward, left and ventrally inclined tip of the heart,
  • three areas, whose names are mostly based on the adjacent thorax walls
  • a heart base inclined upwards, to the right and dorsally

On the side of the heart that rests on the sternum and costae, you can see the right ventricle, which is separated from the left ventricle by the sulcus interventricularis anterior. From this angle, the left ventricle forms the left edge of the heart and the apex cordis.
The anterior interventricular groove (sulcus interventricularis anterior) contains the r. interventricularis anterior of the a. coronaria sinistra and the v. interventricularis anterior. The sulcus interventricularis anterior describes the course of the ventricular septum inside the heart.
The atria (atrium sinistrum and dextrum) are separated from the ventricles by the sulcus coronarius, which also contains coronary vessels.
The right atrium (auricle dextra) attaches to the base of the aorta (pars ascendens), the left atrium (auricle sinistra) to the base of the truncus pulmonalis. From this perspective, the aorta obscures the exit of the right pulmonary artery from the pulmonary trunk.


View from dorsal and caudal

By turning the heart ventrally, the side facing the diaphragm (Fascies diaphragmatica) becomes more visible. Exclusively from caudally from the viewing direction of the diaphragm it can be seen that the both Vv. cavae lie in one axis.


View from dorsal

From this perspectiveit is clearly visible how the Arcus aortae crosses the Truncus pulmonalis, where it divides into the A. pulmonalis sinistra and A. pulmonalis dextra. At this point the three major arteries branch off to the upper extremity and to the neck and skull: Truncus brachiocephalicus, A. carotis communis sinisra and A. subclavia sinistra. Also the orifices of the - usually four - Vv. pulmonales into the left atrium (Atrium sinistrum) and the two Vv. cavae into the right atrium (Atrium dextrum) are well visible. Also visible here is the sinus coronarius in the sulcus of the same name. This sinus is the collection vessel for the venous blood that is supplied to the heart via the Vv. cardiacae.


Inner spaces

Blood flows at and in the heart

In the heart, four internal spaces are distinguished (one chamber (ventricle) and one atrium (atrium) on the left and right respectively). The atria are adjacent to the ventricles, which are connected to the lungs or the major arteries and veins of the body by their outgoing vessels.


Inner spaces of the left heart

The left atrium has smooth walls between the openings of the four pulmonary veins (Vv. pulmonales dextra/sinistra superior and inferior). The muscle wall of the left atrium is thinner than that of the right atrium because it belongs to the low pressure system. The narrow fold (valvula foraminis ovalis) is temporarily visible at the septum interatriale. It is formed by raising the fossa ovalis into the left atrium.

Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle via the ostium atrioventriculare sinistrum.. The ostium atrioventriculare can be closed by the valva atrioventricularis sinistra. The left ventricle also has an inflow and outflow pathway. The inflow passes along the posterior wall, the left lateral wall as well as the apical section. The smooth-walled outflow tract is located near the septum interventriculare and continues into the vestibulum aortae. It consists largely of musculature (pars muscularis). The ostium aortae is the opening between the aortic outflow tract of the left ventricle and the aorta. The wall of the left ventricle is about three times as thick as that of the right ventricle and thus belongs to the high-pressure system.


Inner spaces of the right heart

The posterior part of the right atrium consists of the sinus venarum cavarum (atrial sinus). At the ostium cavea superioris and inferioris the two vv. cavae (superior and inferior) open. From these, blood can flow seamlessly into the atrium without intervening valves. The oval fossa is located above the confluence of the inferior vena cava and is surrounded by the oval fossa limbus. The crista terminalis separates the anterior part (right atrium with heart ear) from the posterior.
The right atrium is larger than the left and also belongs to the low-pressure system. In contrast to the smooth-walled anterior section of the atrium, the posterior part has significantly more structure.

The right ventricle can also be separated into two parts by the trabeculae carnea and the crista supraventricularis.
The blood flows via the ostium atrioventriculare dextrum into the right ventricle. Here, too, there is an inflow and outflow trajectory. In the inflow area are the trabeculae carneae, which are small muscle bulbs. Here too, the papillary muscles are connected to the valva atrioventricularis (dextra) via chordae tendineae. The outflow tract continues over the conus arteriosus. The conus arteriosus is the cone-shaped transition of the right ventricle into the truncus pulmonalis. This area is smooth-walled and has no trabeculae carneae. The blood flows over the pulmonary valve (valva trunci pulmonalis) through the ostium trunci pulmonalis into the truncus pulmonalis. The right ventricle also belongs to the low-pressure system.

Overview of the heart valves

There are two types of valves in the heart: atrioventricular valves and vascular valves. The four heart valves serve to allow blood to flow in the heart in only one direction and thus prevent backflow of blood. The leaflet valves are located between the atria and the ventricles. The pocket valves are located between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.

Sail valves (Valvae atrioventriculares)

The sail valves (valvae atrioventriculares) are also called atrioventricular valves (AV valves). They include the tricuspid valve (valva atrioventricularis dextra) and the bicuspid valve (valva atrioventricularis sinistra). These valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during contraction of the heart. The name of the valves comes from their shape, which resembles a sail. They project into the ostium atrioventricularis dextrum as well as sinistrum. The sail valves are attached to the musculi papillares via the chordae tendinae. These are a special form of the trabeculae carneae. Thus, the leaflet valves are mechanically attached to the cardiac skeleton.

During systole, the blood is forced out of the ventricle. In the process, the leaflet valves inflate and are filled with blood. The anchoring of the valves to the chordae tendinae and the contraction of the papillary muscles prevent the valves from opening into the atrium. The leaflet valves are located at the level of the ostium because the bulging of the leaflets towards the atrium is cancelled by the retraction of the papillary muscles.

Tricuspid valve
The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle. It prevents systolic backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium. It is made up of three leaflets: Cuspis anterior, cuspus posterior and cuspus septalis.

Bicuspid valve
The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Unlike the tricuspid valve, the bicuspid valve consists of only two leaflets (cuspis anterior and cuspis posterior).

Semilunar valves (Valvae semilunares)

The pulmonary valve and the aortic valve belong to the semilunar valves. Their structure is made up of a thin connective tissue with an endocardial covering. The valves are composed of three crescent-shaped pockets (valvula semilunaris anterior, sinistra and dextra) and open in the direction of the vessels in the ostium aortae or ostium trunci pulmonalis. The individual valves have a free edge (lunula valvae semilunares), which thickens in the middle to form a small connective tissue nodule (nodulus valvulae semilunaris). When the valve closes, the nodules and lunulae meet. In this way, the ostium is completely sealed. The backflow of blood is prevented by filling the pockets. No muscle contraction is necessary in this process.

Pulmonary valve (valva trunci pulmonalis)
The pulmonary valve prevents the backflow of blood into the right ventricle. Since this valve is located between two low-pressure systems (venous limb of the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation), it is thinner.

Aortic valve (valva aortae)
The aortic valve prevents backflow from the aorta into the left ventricle. It has a slight outward bulge (sinus aortae). The coronary vessels ( a. coronaria sinistra and dextra) originate in the left and right sinus aortae, so that the heart is supplied with blood.

Cardiac auscultation

In the case of a malfunction, audible flow noises are caused by the formation of whirls in the blood. Cardiac auscultation is an old but important method for recognizing these sounds. It is used both for the initial detection and the follow-up of functional disorders. The basis is that two sounds can be heard in a healthy adult heart. The first heart sound (S1) is at the beginning of systole. The tone is produced by the blood column hitting the leaflet valves and not, as is often assumed, by the closure of the valves. The second heart sound (S2) is produced by the closure of the leaflet valves at the end of systole. It is much brighter than the first heart sound. The two sounds are clearly audible at different locations. The first heart sound is clearly heard above the apex of the heart, whereas the second heart sound is clearly heard above the base of the heart. At Erb's point, which is located on the left parasternal side in the third intercostal space, all heart valves can be detected equally well. Specific points on the chest are recommended for auscultation of individual heart valves, as the sounds are projected to these locations and can thus be heard loudest:

  • Aortic valve: 2/3rd intercostal space right parasternal.
  • Pulmonary valve: 2nd intercostal space left parasternal
  • Tricuspid valve: 4th intercostal space right parasternal
  • Bicuspid valve: 5th intercostal space left medioclavicular

Excitation formation and excitation conduction system (Coming soon)

In the heart there is an autonomous excitation generation system (systema conducente cordis) and an excitation conduction system (systema conducente cordis). A distinction is made between four sections. When the heart is excited, the atrial and ventricular muscles contract about 100,000 times a day. The heart muscle is controlled by electrical impulses. The resulting impulses spread through a special cell system of the heart muscle.


Sinus node

The sinus node is also called the nodus sinuatrialis or Keith-Flack node. Macroscopically, it consists of a muscular structure that is about 3 mm thick and 10 mm long. The external shape resembles a comma. It is located on the dorsal side of the right heart, subepicardially in the terminal sulcus. Cranial to the sinus node is the junction of the superior vena cava. In some cases, the sinus node extends into the right heart ear.

Functionally, the sinus node is the primary pacemaker centre of the heart and is therefore involved in the complex regulation of the heart rate. The sinus node has the central role of excitation formation. It generates excitation volleys with a resting frequency of 60-70 impulses per minute. The pulses are used to excite the atrial myocardium, as the atrial excitation wave propagates towards the ventricles. The sinuatrial ramus nodi provides blood flow to the sinus node. It is controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sinus node consists of specific heart muscle cells:

P cells
The P cells (pacemakers) are roundish, pale cells that are usually present in groups. They are connected to each other by nexus and desmosomes.

Transition cells
Transition cells are elongated and partially branched cardiomyocytes. They contain a large number of myofibrils. The transition cells connect the P cells and establish a connection to the working myocardium.

Atrioventricular node

The atrioventricular node is also called the nodus atrioventricularis, AV node or Aschoff-Tawara node. It is the secondary pacemaker centre of the heart. The AV node is 5 mm long, 3 mm wide and 1 mm thick and is located in the right atrium. Its exact location is at the base of the atrial septum before the confluence of the coronary sinus. This area is called the triangle of Koch. The atrioventricular node serves to regulate stimulus exaggeration via the non-conducting cardiac skeleton. It is continued by the His bundle, which continues towards the apex of the heart. The AV node is also controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Blood flow takes place through the ramus nodi atrioventricularis from the arteria coronaria dextra. Its main function is to delay the transmission of excitation to the ventricles. This ensures that the atrial contraction is completed before the ventricular contraction begins. Spontaneous excitations can also be generated by the AV node. However, these have a much lower frequency (40-50 depolarisations per minute) than the sinus node. This impulse excitation does not take place as long as the sinus node is intact.

Atrioventricular bundle

The atrioventricular bundle, also known as the fasciculus atrioventricularis, AV bundle or His bundle, is a component of the heart's conduction system. It is 4 mm thick and 20 mm long. The AV bundle originates subendocardially in the atrium from the AV node. It penetrates the trigonum fibrosum dextrum and then divides into the two tawara legs in the pars membranacea of the ventricular septum. The function of the AV bundle is to transmit excitation from the AV node to the ventricular legs.

Bundle branch

The bundle branches are also called crus dextrum and sinistrum or tawara branches. The tawara legs divide at the AV bundle. Their main function is to transmit excitation from the His bundle via the nexus into the working myocardium. The left Tawara branch (crus sinistrum) branches off almost perpendicularly from the His bundle and then fans out. This creates the following structures: posterior fascicle, middle fascicle and anterior fascicle. The right tawara limb (crus dextrum) continues anteriorly and enters the myocardium of the ventricular septum. It continues towards the apex of the heart. In the ventricular myocardium, excitation is transmitted via the Purkinje fibres.

Diseases

Free exploration

  • Heart
  • Heart vessels
  • Internal spaces in the heart
  • Heart in situ
Structure of the heart
Look at the heart in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can look at other cases or check your acquired knowledge through the practice exercises.
Heart vessels
Look at the vessels that connect the heart to the body and pulmonary circulation as well as some coronary vessels.
Internal spaces in the heart
Look at the internal spaces in the individual parts of the heart.
Heart in situ
Look at the heart in situ.




Sprachen:
Deutsch • ‎English