Leber (Hepar)/en: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

Aktuelle Version vom 13. Dezember 2021, 14:02 Uhr

The liver is the largest digestive gland in the human body. Due to its function and tasks it is the central organ of metabolism. It forms important proteins and detoxifies the body. Almost all nutrients that are absorbed through the intestines are first passed through the liver.

Anatomy

Projection

Anatomy of the liver

The liver is located in the right upper abdomen, but extends beyond the epigastrium into the left upper abdomen. It thereby pushes far in front of the stomach, which leaves an impression (impressio gastrica) at the back of the left liver lobe. The right lobe of the liver comes into close contact with the colon (right flexure), the small intestine (pars superior), the upper part of the right kidney and the right adrenal gland. Its impression sites are also named accordingly: Impressio colica, duodenalis, renalis and suprarenalis. The position of the liver is strongly dependent on respiration, as its underside is fused to the diaphragm. Age and posture are equally crucial in determining the position of the liver. The gallbladder is located dorsally between the left and right lobes of the liver.

Liver in situ

Anatomie der Leber

The thin area of tissue between the liver and the curvature of the stomach is called the omentum minus. This serous skin lines the peritoneal cavity and is the ventral border of the bursa omentalis. This is bordered on the right by the liver.
The downward-facing liver margin is sharp-edged and easily palpable in an enlarged liver. The liver extends from the right regio hypochondriaca, through the regio epigastrica, and into the left upper abdomen. The stomach can be seen at the left inferior border of the liver. The gallbladder lies on the underside of the liver and overhangs the inferior border of the liver.

Liver segments

The liver segments are formed by a total of 8 functional subunits of the liver. Each of these units has a branch of the portal vein, the bile duct and a segment branch of the arteria hepatica propria.

Assignment to Partes and Divisiones

Pars hepatis sinistra
Segment I	Pars posterior hepatis, Lobus caudatus
Segmentum posterius laterale sinistrum (= Segmentum II) Segmentum anterius laterale sinistrum (= Segmentum III)	Divisio lateralis sinistra
Segmentum mediale sinistrum (= Segmentum IV) subdivided into segment IVa and IVb	Divisio medialis sinistra

Pars hepatis dextra
Segmentum anterius mediale dextrum (= Segmentum V) Segmentum posterius mediale dextrum (= Segmentum VIII)	Divisio medialis dextra
Segmentum anterius laterale dextrum (= Segmentum VI) Segmentum posterius laterale dextrum (= Segmentum VII)	Divisio lateralis dextra

Since each subunit has its own supply route, the liver segments can be removed individually by surgery. The liver is still functional after the removal of a subunit, as are the removed subunits themselves. This makes a partial implantation of a liver possible.

Different views

View from dorsal on the pars superior of the facies diaphragmatica	View from ventral to facies diaphragmatica	View from caudal to facies visceralis
Most of the liver surface is surrounded with visceral peritoneum. However, the area nuda remains the only one free of peritoneum, its surface forming the connective tissue capsule. Outside the peritoneal covering, the usually three Vv. hepatica leave the liver. A peculiarity is that in the liver only the afferent artery and afferent V. portae hepatis as well as Ductus choledochus run in the mesohepaticum, while the efferent veins do not. At the points of transition from the visceral to the parietal peritoneum on the underside of the diaphragm, the connective tissue peritoneal epithelium appears as a "cord" (lig. coronarium). From this connective tissue structure, a small cusp (appendix fibrosa hepatis) develops on the left lobe of the liver.	From the ventral view, the two lobes of the liver, the large lobus hepatis dexter and the smaller lobus hepatis sinister, are clearly visible. The lig. falciforme hepatis runs between the two lobes. The ligamentum falciforme hepatis forms the mesohepaticum ventrale and thus the connection between the liver and the abdominal wall.	The caudal view provides a view of two more of the total four lobes of the liver: the lobus caudatus and the lobus quadratus hepatis. The hepatoduodenal ligament, together with the hepatogastric ligament, serves the liver as the mesohepaticum dorsale and is topographically part of the omentum minus. The gallbladder overhangs the inferior border of the liver with the fundus and lies close to the facies visceralis. The neck of the gallbladder points toward the hepatic orifice, where it comes into contact with the extrahepatic bile ducts.

Function

As the largest and most important metabolic organ, the liver has various tasks in the human body. It produces vital proteins and is significantly involved in the utilization of food components as well as the breakdown and excretion of substances.

Diseases

Free exploration

Standard
Fall: 1

View the structure of the liver in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can look at other cases or check your learned knowledge through the exercises.

Exercises

Further articles

Gall bladder

Colon

Sprachen:

Deutsch • ‎English

@@ Zeile 53: / Zeile 53: @@
 ==Anatomy==
-===Projektion===
+===Projection===
 <div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
 <div class="picture">
-<lightbox-embedding src="file:hepar_ventral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Leber: Ansicht von ventral" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
+<lightbox-embedding src="file:hepar_ventral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Liver: ventral view" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 </div>
 <div class="gallery" style="margin-right:76px">
-<lightbox-embedding src="file:hepar_dorsal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Leber: Ansicht von dorsal"/>
+<lightbox-embedding src="file:hepar_dorsal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Liver: dorsal view"/>
 </div>
 <div class="thumbcaption">
-Anatomie der Leber</div>
+Anatomy of the liver</div>
 </div>
-Die Leber ist im rechten Oberbauch lokalisiert, reicht aber über das Epigastrium hinaus in den linken Oberbauch. Sie schiebt sich dabei weit vor den Magen, welcher an der Rückseite des linken Leberlappens eine Abdruckstelle (Impressio gastrica) hinterlässt. Der rechte Leberlappen tritt in engen Kontakt mit dem Dickdarm (rechte Flexur), dem Dünndarm (Pars superior), dem oberen Teil der rechten Niere und der rechten Nebenniere. Ihre Abdruckstellen sind ebenfalls entsprechend benannt: Impressio colica, duodenalis, renalis und suprarenalis. Die Position der Leber ist stark von der Atmung abhängig, da ihre Unterseite mit dem Zwerchfell verwachsen ist. Alter und Körperhaltung sind ebenso ausschlaggebend für die Lage der Leber. Die Gallenblase liegt dorsal zwischen linkem und rechtem Leberlappen.
+The liver is located in the right upper abdomen, but extends beyond the epigastrium into the left upper abdomen. It thereby pushes far in front of the stomach, which leaves an impression (impressio gastrica) at the back of the left liver lobe. The right lobe of the liver comes into close contact with the colon (right flexure), the small intestine (pars superior), the upper part of the right kidney and the right adrenal gland. Its impression sites are also named accordingly: Impressio colica, duodenalis, renalis and suprarenalis. The position of the liver is strongly dependent on respiration, as its underside is fused to the diaphragm. Age and posture are equally crucial in determining the position of the liver. The gallbladder is located dorsally between the left and right lobes of the liver.
 <div class="clear"></div>
-===Leber in situ===
+===Liver in situ===
 <div class="thumb tright thumbinner">
 <div class="picture">
-<lightbox-embedding src="file:LeberSchnittHorizontal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Leber: Horizontalschnitt durch das Abdomen" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
+<lightbox-embedding src="file:LeberSchnittHorizontal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="
+Liver: horizontal section through the abdomen" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
 </div>
 <div class="gallery" style="margin-right:76px">
-<lightbox-embedding src="file:LeberSchnittVentral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Leber: Schnitt durch das Abdomen mit Sicht auf die Leber"/>
+<lightbox-embedding src="file:LeberSchnittVentral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Liver: section through the abdomen with view of the liver"/>
 </div>
 <div class="thumbcaption">
@@ Zeile 80: / Zeile 81: @@
 </div>
-Das dünne Gewebeareal zwischen der Leber und der Kurvatur des Magens wird Omentum minus genannt. Diese seröse Haut kleidet die Peritonealhöhle und ist die ventrale Begrenzung der Bursa omentalis. Diese wird rechts von der Leber begrenzt.<br>
+The thin area of tissue between the liver and the curvature of the stomach is called the omentum minus. This serous skin lines the peritoneal cavity and is the ventral border of the bursa omentalis. This is bordered on the right by the liver.<br>
-Der nach unten weisende Leberrand ist scharfkantig und gut zu tasten bei einer vergrößerten Leber. Die Leber dehnt sich von der rechten Regio hypochondriaca über die Regio epigastrica bis in den linken Oberbauch aus. Am linken Leberunterrand ist der Magen zu sehen. Die Gallenblase liegt an der Unterseite der Leber und überragt den unteren Leberrand.<br>
+The downward-facing liver margin is sharp-edged and easily palpable in an enlarged liver. The liver extends from the right regio hypochondriaca, through the regio epigastrica, and into the left upper abdomen. The stomach can be seen at the left inferior border of the liver. The gallbladder lies on the underside of the liver and overhangs the inferior border of the liver.<br>
 <div class="clear"></div>
-===Lebersegmente===
+===Liver segments===
-Die Lebersegmente werden von insgesamt 8 funktionellen Untereinheiten der Leber gebildet. Jede dieser Einheiten besitzt einen Ast der Pfortader, des Gallenganges und einen Segmentast der Arteria hepatica propria.
+The liver segments are formed by a total of 8 functional subunits of the liver. Each of these units has a branch of the portal vein, the bile duct and a segment branch of the arteria hepatica propria.
-<b>Zuordnung zu Partes und Divisiones</b>
+<b>Assignment to Partes and Divisiones</b>
 <div class="twotable">
 <table border="1" cellpadding="10" style="height:500px;">
@@ Zeile 111: / Zeile 112: @@
 <tr>
 <td>Segmentum mediale sinistrum <br>(= Segmentum IV)<br>
-untergliedert in Segment IVa und IVb<br>
+subdivided into segment IVa and IVb<br>
 </td>
 <td>Divisio medialis sinistra</td>
@@ Zeile 123: / Zeile 124: @@
 <tr>
-<td><ul><li>Segmentum anterius mediale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum V)</li>
+<td>Segmentum anterius mediale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum V)<br>
-<li>Segmentum posterius mediale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum VIII)<br></li></ul>
+Segmentum posterius mediale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum VIII)<br>
 </td>
 <td>Divisio medialis dextra</td>
@@ Zeile 130: / Zeile 131: @@
 <tr>
-<td><ul><li>Segmentum anterius laterale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum VI)</li>
+<td>Segmentum anterius laterale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum VI)<br>
-<li>Segmentum posterius laterale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum VII)</li></ul>
+Segmentum posterius laterale dextrum <br>(= Segmentum VII)<br>
 </td>
 <td>Divisio lateralis dextra</td>
@@ Zeile 138: / Zeile 139: @@
 </div>
-Da jede Untereinheit ihren eigenen Versorgungsweg besitzt, können die Lebersegmente einzeln chirurgisch entfernt werden. Die Leber ist nach der Entfernung einer Untereinheit immer noch funktionsfähig, sowie die entfernten Untereinheiten selbst. Dies macht eine Teilimplantation einer Leber möglich.
+Since each subunit has its own supply route, the liver segments can be removed individually by surgery. The liver is still functional after the removal of a subunit, as are the removed subunits themselves. This makes a partial implantation of a liver possible.
-===Verschiedene Ansichten===
+===Different views===
 <table border="1" cellpadding="10">
    <tr>
-     <td><b>Sicht von dorsal auf die Pars superior der Facies diaphragmatica</b>
+     <td><b>View from dorsal on the pars superior of the facies diaphragmatica</b>
 <!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 1][/]-->
      </th>
-     <td><b>Sicht von ventral auf die Facies diaphragmatica</b>
+     <td><b>View from ventral to facies diaphragmatica</b>
 <!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 0][/]-->
      </th>
-     <td><b>Sicht von kaudal auf die Facies visceralis</b>
+     <td><b>View from caudal to facies visceralis</b>
 <!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 2][/]-->
      </th>
@@ Zeile 156: / Zeile 157: @@
   <tr valign="top">
 <td>
-Der größte Teil der Leberoberfläche ist umgeben mit viszeralem Peritoneum. Jedoch bleibt die Area nuda als einzige peritonealfrei, ihre Oberfläche bildet die bindegewebige Kapsel. Außerhalb der Peritonealabdeckung verlassen die meist drei Vv. hepatica die Leber. Eine Besonderheit ist, dass bei der Leber nur die zuführende Arterie und zuführende V. portae hepatis als auch Ductus choledochus im Mesohepaticum verlaufen, die abführenden Venen hingegen nicht. An den Umschlagsorten des viszeralen in das parietale Peritoneum an der Unterseite des Zwerchfells, erscheint das bindegewebige Peritonealepithel als „Strang“ (Lig. coronarium). Aus dieser bindegewebigen Struktur entsteht am linken Leberlappen ein kleiner Zipfel (Appendix fibrosa hepatis).
+Most of the liver surface is surrounded with visceral peritoneum. However, the area nuda remains the only one free of peritoneum, its surface forming the connective tissue capsule. Outside the peritoneal covering, the usually three Vv. hepatica leave the liver. A peculiarity is that in the liver only the afferent artery and afferent V. portae hepatis as well as Ductus choledochus run in the mesohepaticum, while the efferent veins do not. At the points of transition from the visceral to the parietal peritoneum on the underside of the diaphragm, the connective tissue peritoneal epithelium appears as a "cord" (lig. coronarium). From this connective tissue structure, a small cusp (appendix fibrosa hepatis) develops on the left lobe of the liver.
 </td>
 <td>
-Aus der ventralen Ansicht sind die zwei Leberlappen, der große Lobus hepatis dexter und der kleinere Lobus hepatis sinister, gut zu erkennen. Das Lig. falciforme hepatis verläuft zwischen den beiden Lappen. Das Ligamentum falciforme hepatis bildet das Mesohepaticum ventrale und somit die Verbindung zwischen Leber und Bauchwand.
+From the ventral view, the two lobes of the liver, the large lobus hepatis dexter and the smaller lobus hepatis sinister, are clearly visible. The lig. falciforme hepatis runs between the two lobes. The ligamentum falciforme hepatis forms the mesohepaticum ventrale and thus the connection between the liver and the abdominal wall.
 </td>
 <td>
-Die kaudale Sicht ermöglicht einen Blick auf zwei weitere der insgesamt vier Leberlappen: den Lobus caudatus und den Lobus quadratus hepatis. Das Lig. hepatoduodenale dient der Leber zusammen mit dem Lig. hepatogastricum als Mesohepaticum dorsale und gehört topografisch zum Omentum minus.
+The caudal view provides a view of two more of the total four lobes of the liver: the lobus caudatus and the lobus quadratus hepatis. The hepatoduodenal ligament, together with the hepatogastric ligament, serves the liver as the mesohepaticum dorsale and is topographically part of the omentum minus.
-Die Gallenblase überragt den unteren Leberrand mit dem Fundus und liegt der Facies visceralis eng an. Der Hals der Gallenblase zeigt zur Leberpforte, wo sie in Kontakt mit den extrahepatischen Gallenwegen gelangt.
+The gallbladder overhangs the inferior border of the liver with the fundus and lies close to the facies visceralis. The neck of the gallbladder points toward the hepatic orifice, where it comes into contact with the extrahepatic bile ducts.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
-==Funktion==
+==Function==
-Die Leber hat als größtes und wichtigstes Stoffwechselorgan verschiedene Aufgaben im menschlichen Körper. Sie produziert lebenswichtige Proteine und ist maßgeblich an der Verwertung von Nahrungsbestandteilen sowie dem Abbau und der Ausscheidung von Stoffen beteiligt.
+As the largest and most important metabolic organ, the liver has various tasks in the human body. It produces vital proteins and is significantly involved in the utilization of food components as well as the breakdown and excretion of substances.
-==Erkrankungen==
+==Diseases==
-* [[Special:MyLanguage/Leberzirrhose|Leberzirrhose]]
+* [[Special:MyLanguage/Leberzirrhose|Cirrhosis of the liver]]
-* [[Special:MyLanguage/Fettleber|Fettleber]]
+* [[Special:MyLanguage/Fettleber|Fatty liver]]
 * [[Special:MyLanguage/Hepatitis|Hepatitis]]
-==Freie Exploration==
+==Free exploration==
-{{Tab2|Button1=Standard|Button2=Fall: 1|Title1=Leber in situ|Segmenter1=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb_id="leber2" file="Hepar.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt1=Schauen Sie sich die Struktur der Leber in 3D an und explorieren Sie sie frei. Danach können Sie sich andere Fälle ansehen oder Ihr erlerntes Wissen durch die Übungsaufgaben überprüfen.|Title2=Fall 1: Leber unterteilt in Segmente|Segmenter2=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb_id="leberSegment" file="Hepar_segmente.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt2=Zu sehen sind hier, die Leber sowie ihre einzelnen Segmente.}}
+{{Tab2|Button1=Standard|Button2=Fall: 1|Title1=Liver in situ|Segmenter1=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb_id="leber2" file="Hepar.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt1=View the structure of the liver in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can look at other cases or check your learned knowledge through the exercises.|Title2=Fall 1: Liver divided into segments|Segmenter2=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb_id="leberSegment" file="Hepar_segmente.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt2=Here you can see the liver and its individual segments.}}
@@ Zeile 186: / Zeile 188: @@
 <div class="clear aufgaben" style="margin-bottom:1em;">
 <div class="menu_item">
-<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|ÜBUNGSAUFGABEN]]</li>
+<li class="mw-ui-button button_new" >[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Exercises]]</li>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ Zeile 192: / Zeile 194: @@
 <div class="clear aufgaben">
 <div class="menu_item">
-<li class="button_article"><b>WEITERE ARTIKEL</b></li>
+<li class="button_article"><b>Further articles</b></li>
 </div>
 <div class="menu_item">
-<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Gallenblase_(Vesica_billiaris)|Gallenblase]]</li>
+<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Gallenblase_(Vesica_billiaris)|Gall bladder]]</li>
 </div>
 <div class="menu_item">
-<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Dickdarm|Dickdarm]]</li>
+<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Dickdarm|Colon]]</li>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="clear"></div>
 ----
-[[Category:Verdauungsapparat]]
+[[Category:Digestive system]]
 <languages/>