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The liver is the largest digestive gland in the human body. Due to its function and tasks it is the central organ of metabolism. It forms important proteins and detoxifies the body. Almost all nutrients that are absorbed through the intestines are first passed through the liver.
  
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==Function of the liver==
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Exercises]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Exercises]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben: Abdomen und Becken|Abdomen and pelvis]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Leber ventral|Liver ventral]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Leber dorsal|Liver dorsal]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgabe: Leber kaudal|Liver caudal]]</div>
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As the largest and most important metabolic organ, the liver has various tasks in the human body. It produces vital proteins and is significantly involved in the utilization of food components as well as the breakdown and excretion of substances.  
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<div class="box">
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<div class="pic">__TOC__</div>
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<div class="segmenter"><segmenter-embedding public wsemb_id="leber" file="Hepar.seg" height="300" width="500"/></div>
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</div>
  
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<div class="dropdown">
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Neighbouring structures]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">Neighbouring structures</div>
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<div class="dropdown-content">
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Niere_(Ren)|Kidney]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Organe_Abdomen_und_Becken|Stomach]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Dickdarm|Colon]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Gallenblase_(Vesica_billiaris)|Gall bladder]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Bauchspeicheldrüse|Pancreas]]</div>
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</div>
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</div>
  
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==Structure of the liver==
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Body regions]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Körperregionen|Body regions]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Organe Abdomen und Becken|Organs of abdomen and pelvis]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Innere Organe|Inner organs]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Rumpf|Trunk]]</div>
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</div>
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</div>
  
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<segmenter>https://dornheim.cloud/index.php/apps/segmenter/embedding/view?identifier=UfUm4eWaRri1</segmenter>
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<div class="floatright" style="margin:0.4em;">[[File:PfeilDropdown.png|20px|link=|Organ system]]</div>
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<div class="dropbtnart">[[Special:MyLanguage/Organsystem|Organ system]]</div>
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<div>[[Special:MyLanguage/Verdauungsapparat|Digestive system]]</div>
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==Anatomy==
  
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===Projection===
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    <td><b>View from dorsal to the superior pars of the <i>Facies diaphragmatica</i></b>
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:hepar_ventral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Liver: ventral view" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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    <td><b>View from ventral to the <i>Facies diaphragmatica</i></b>
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<!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 0][/]-->
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:hepar_dorsal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Liver: dorsal view"/>  
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    <td><b>View from caudal to the <i>Facies visceralis</i></b>
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<!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 2][/]-->
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Anatomy of the liver</div>
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<td> Most of the liver surface is surrounded by visceral peritoneum. However, the <i>Area nuda</i> remains the only peritoneal free, its surface forming the connective tissue capsule. Outside of peritoneal coverage, the three <i>Vv. hepatica</i> usually leave the liver. A peculiarity is that in the liver only the supplying artery and supplying <i>V. portae hepatis</i> and <i>Ductus choledochus</i> run in the <i>Mesohepaticum</i>, whereas the laxative veins do not. At the transients from the visceral to the parietal peritoneum at the underside of the diaphragm, the connective tissue peritoneal epithelium appears as "strand" (<i>Lig. coronarium</i>). From this connective tissue structure a small tip develops on the left hepatic lobe (<i>appendix fibrosa hepatis</i>).
 
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The liver is located in the right upper abdomen, but extends beyond the epigastrium into the left upper abdomen. It thereby pushes far in front of the stomach, which leaves an impression (impressio gastrica) at the back of the left liver lobe. The right lobe of the liver comes into close contact with the colon (right flexure), the small intestine (pars superior), the upper part of the right kidney and the right adrenal gland. Its impression sites are also named accordingly: Impressio colica, duodenalis, renalis and suprarenalis. The position of the liver is strongly dependent on respiration, as its underside is fused to the diaphragm. Age and posture are equally crucial in determining the position of the liver. The gallbladder is located dorsally between the left and right lobes of the liver.
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From the ventral view, the two liver lobes, the large <i>Lobus hepatis dexter</i> and the smaller <i>Lobus hepatis sinister</i>, are clearly visible. The <i>Lig. falciforme hepatis</i> runs between the two lobes. The <i>Ligamentum falciforme hepatis</i> forms the <i>Mesohepaticum ventrale</i> and thus the connection between liver and abdominal wall.  
 
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The caudal view allows a look at two more of the four liver lobes: the <i>Lobus caudatus</i> and the <i>Lobus quadratus hepatis</i>. The <i>Lig. hepatoduodenale</i> serves the liver together with the <i>Lig. hepatogastricum</i> as <i>Mesohepaticum dorsale</i> and belongs topographically to the <i>Omentum minus</i>.
 
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The gall bladder overhangs the lower edge of the liver with the fundus and lies close to the <i>facies visceralis</i>. The neck of the gall bladder points to the hepatic orifice, where it comes into contact with the extrahepatic bile ducts.
 
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<h2>Projection and Topography</h2>
 
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===Projektion===
 
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Die Leber ist im rechten Oberbauch lokalisiert, reicht aber über das <i>Epigastrium</i> hinaus in den linken Oberbauch. Sie schiebt sich dabei weit vor den Magen, welcher an der Rückseite des linken Leberlappens eine Abdruckstelle (<i>Impressio gastrica</i>) hinterlässt. Der rechte Leberlappen tritt in engen Kontakt mit dem Dickdarm (rechte Flexur), dem Dünndarm (<i>Pars superior</i>), dem oberen Teil der rechten Niere und der rechten Nebenniere. Ihre Abdruckstellen sind ebenfalls entsprechend benannt: <i>Impressio colica</i>, <i>duodenalis</i>, <i>renalis</i> und <i>suprarenalis</i> (siehe <!--[segmenter_snapshot hepar 2]-->„WebViewer“<!--[/]-->). Die Position der Leber ist stark von der Atmung abhängig, da ihre Unterseite mit dem Zwerchfell verwachsen ist. Alter und Körperhaltung sind ebenso ausschlaggebend für die Lage der Leber. Die Gallenblase liegt dorsal zwischen linkem und rechtem Leberlappen.
 
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[[File:hepar_ventral.png|left|380px|Leber: Ansicht von ventral]]
 
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[[File:hepar_dorsal.png|450px|Leber: Ansicht von dorsal]]
 
 
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===Liver in situ===
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:LeberSchnittHorizontal.png" group="image-group-1" caption="
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Liver: horizontal section through the abdomen" width="400" height="300" style="width:300px; height:300px;float:left;margin:1px;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;display: flex;justify-content: center;"/>
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<div class="gallery" style="margin-right:76px">
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<lightbox-embedding src="file:LeberSchnittVentral.png" group="image-group-1" caption="Liver: section through the abdomen with view of the liver"/>
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<div class="thumbcaption">
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Anatomie der Leber</div>
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</div>
  
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===Leber in situ===
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The thin area of tissue between the liver and the curvature of the stomach is called the omentum minus. This serous skin lines the peritoneal cavity and is the ventral border of the bursa omentalis. This is bordered on the right by the liver.<br>
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The downward-facing liver margin is sharp-edged and easily palpable in an enlarged liver. The liver extends from the right regio hypochondriaca, through the regio epigastrica, and into the left upper abdomen. The stomach can be seen at the left inferior border of the liver. The gallbladder lies on the underside of the liver and overhangs the inferior border of the liver.<br>
  
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[[File:LeberSchnittHorizontal.png|left|420px|Leber: Horizontalschnitt durch das Abdomen]]
 
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[[File:LeberSchnittVentral.png|420px|Leber: Schnitt durch das Abdomen mit Sicht auf die Leber]]
 
 
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Das dünne Gewebeareal zwischen der Leber und der Kurvatur des Magens wird <i>Omentum minus</i> genannt. Diese seröse Haut kleidet die Peritonealhöhle und ist die ventrale Begrenzung der <i>Bursa omentalis</i>. Diese wird rechts von der Leber begrenzt.<br>
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===Liver segments===
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Der nach unten weisende Leberrand ist scharfkantig und gut zu tasten bei einer vergrößerten Leber. Die Leber dehnt sich von der rechten <i>Regio hypochondriaca</i> über die <i>Regio epigastrica</i> bis in den linken Oberbauch aus. Am linken Leberunterrand ist der Magen zu sehen. Die Gallenblase liegt an der Unterseite der Leber und überragt den unteren Leberrand.<br>
 
  
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The liver segments are formed by a total of 8 functional subunits of the liver. Each of these units has a branch of the portal vein, the bile duct and a segment branch of the arteria hepatica propria.
  
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==Lebersegmente==
 
  
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<b>Assignment to Partes and Divisiones</b>
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<b>Zuordnung zu Partes und Divisiones</b>
 
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<tr>
 
<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><b>Pars hepatis sinistra</b></td>
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<th colspan="2"><b>Pars hepatis sinistra</b></td>
 
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<tr>
 
<tr>
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<td width=300>Segmentum posterius laterale sinistrum <br>(= Segmentum II)<br>
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<td><ul><li>Segmentum posterius laterale sinistrum <br>(= Segmentum II)</li>
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Segmentum anterius laterale sinistrum <br>(= Segmentum III)<br>
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<li>Segmentum anterius laterale sinistrum <br>(= Segmentum III)<br></li></ul>
 
</td>
 
</td>
 
<td>Divisio lateralis sinistra</td>
 
<td>Divisio lateralis sinistra</td>
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<tr>
 
<tr>
 
<td>Segmentum mediale sinistrum <br>(= Segmentum IV)<br>
 
<td>Segmentum mediale sinistrum <br>(= Segmentum IV)<br>
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untergliedert in Segment IVa und IVb<br>
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subdivided into segment IVa and IVb<br>
 
</td>
 
</td>
 
<td>Divisio medialis sinistra</td>
 
<td>Divisio medialis sinistra</td>
 
</tr>
 
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<td colspan="2"><b>Pars hepatis dextra</b></td>
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<th colspan="2"><b>Pars hepatis dextra</b></td>
 
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</td>
 
</td>
 
<td>Divisio lateralis dextra</td>
 
<td>Divisio lateralis dextra</td>
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Since each subunit has its own supply route, the liver segments can be removed individually by surgery. The liver is still functional after the removal of a subunit, as are the removed subunits themselves. This makes a partial implantation of a liver possible.
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===Different views===
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<table border="1" cellpadding="10">
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    <td><b>View from dorsal on the pars superior of the facies diaphragmatica</b>
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<!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 1][/]-->
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    </th>
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    <td><b>View from ventral to facies diaphragmatica</b>
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<!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 0][/]-->
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    </th> 
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    <td><b>View from caudal to facies visceralis</b>
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<!-- [segmenter_snapshot hepar 2][/]-->
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    </th>
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Most of the liver surface is surrounded with visceral peritoneum. However, the area nuda remains the only one free of peritoneum, its surface forming the connective tissue capsule. Outside the peritoneal covering, the usually three Vv. hepatica leave the liver. A peculiarity is that in the liver only the afferent artery and afferent V. portae hepatis as well as Ductus choledochus run in the mesohepaticum, while the efferent veins do not. At the points of transition from the visceral to the parietal peritoneum on the underside of the diaphragm, the connective tissue peritoneal epithelium appears as a "cord" (lig. coronarium). From this connective tissue structure, a small cusp (appendix fibrosa hepatis) develops on the left lobe of the liver.
 +
</td>
 +
<td>
 +
From the ventral view, the two lobes of the liver, the large lobus hepatis dexter and the smaller lobus hepatis sinister, are clearly visible. The lig. falciforme hepatis runs between the two lobes. The ligamentum falciforme hepatis forms the mesohepaticum ventrale and thus the connection between the liver and the abdominal wall.
 +
</td>
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<td>
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The caudal view provides a view of two more of the total four lobes of the liver: the lobus caudatus and the lobus quadratus hepatis. The hepatoduodenal ligament, together with the hepatogastric ligament, serves the liver as the mesohepaticum dorsale and is topographically part of the omentum minus.
 +
The gallbladder overhangs the inferior border of the liver with the fundus and lies close to the facies visceralis. The neck of the gallbladder points toward the hepatic orifice, where it comes into contact with the extrahepatic bile ducts.
 +
</td>
 
</tr>
 
</tr>
 
</table>
 
</table>
  
 +
==Function==
  
 +
As the largest and most important metabolic organ, the liver has various tasks in the human body. It produces vital proteins and is significantly involved in the utilization of food components as well as the breakdown and excretion of substances.
 +
 +
==Diseases==
 +
* [[Special:MyLanguage/Leberzirrhose|Cirrhosis of the liver]]
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* [[Special:MyLanguage/Fettleber|Fatty liver]]
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* [[Special:MyLanguage/Hepatitis|Hepatitis]]
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==Free exploration==
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{{Tab2|Button1=Standard|Button2=Fall: 1|Title1=Liver in situ|Segmenter1=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb_id="leber2" file="Hepar.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt1=View the structure of the liver in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can look at other cases or check your learned knowledge through the exercises.|Title2=Fall 1: Liver divided into segments|Segmenter2=<segmenter-embedding public wsemb_id="leberSegment" file="Hepar_segmente.seg" height="300" width="500"/>|Inhalt2=Here you can see the liver and its individual segments.}}
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''weiterführende Links''
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<li class="button_article"><b>Further articles</b></li>
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'''[[Special:MyLanguage/Übungsaufgaben|Übungsaufgaben]]'''
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<div class="menu_item">
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<li class="mw-ui-button button_normal">[[Special:MyLanguage/Gallenblase_(Vesica_billiaris)|Gall bladder]]</li>
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</div>
  
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[[Special:MyLanguage/Abdomen und Becken|zurück zur Übersicht "Abdomen und Becken"]]
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----
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[[Category:Digestive system]]
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<languages/>

Aktuelle Version vom 13. Dezember 2021, 14:02 Uhr

The liver is the largest digestive gland in the human body. Due to its function and tasks it is the central organ of metabolism. It forms important proteins and detoxifies the body. Almost all nutrients that are absorbed through the intestines are first passed through the liver.

Exercises
Exercises
Neighbouring structures
Neighbouring structures
Body regions
Body regions
Organ system
Organ system

Anatomy

Projection

Anatomy of the liver

The liver is located in the right upper abdomen, but extends beyond the epigastrium into the left upper abdomen. It thereby pushes far in front of the stomach, which leaves an impression (impressio gastrica) at the back of the left liver lobe. The right lobe of the liver comes into close contact with the colon (right flexure), the small intestine (pars superior), the upper part of the right kidney and the right adrenal gland. Its impression sites are also named accordingly: Impressio colica, duodenalis, renalis and suprarenalis. The position of the liver is strongly dependent on respiration, as its underside is fused to the diaphragm. Age and posture are equally crucial in determining the position of the liver. The gallbladder is located dorsally between the left and right lobes of the liver.

Liver in situ

Anatomie der Leber

The thin area of tissue between the liver and the curvature of the stomach is called the omentum minus. This serous skin lines the peritoneal cavity and is the ventral border of the bursa omentalis. This is bordered on the right by the liver.
The downward-facing liver margin is sharp-edged and easily palpable in an enlarged liver. The liver extends from the right regio hypochondriaca, through the regio epigastrica, and into the left upper abdomen. The stomach can be seen at the left inferior border of the liver. The gallbladder lies on the underside of the liver and overhangs the inferior border of the liver.

Liver segments

The liver segments are formed by a total of 8 functional subunits of the liver. Each of these units has a branch of the portal vein, the bile duct and a segment branch of the arteria hepatica propria.


Assignment to Partes and Divisiones

Pars hepatis sinistra
Segment I Pars posterior hepatis, Lobus caudatus
  • Segmentum posterius laterale sinistrum
    (= Segmentum II)
  • Segmentum anterius laterale sinistrum
    (= Segmentum III)
 Divisio lateralis sinistra
Segmentum mediale sinistrum
(= Segmentum IV)

subdivided into segment IVa and IVb

 Divisio medialis sinistra
Pars hepatis dextra
Segmentum anterius mediale dextrum
(= Segmentum V)

Segmentum posterius mediale dextrum
(= Segmentum VIII)

 Divisio medialis dextra
Segmentum anterius laterale dextrum
(= Segmentum VI)

Segmentum posterius laterale dextrum
(= Segmentum VII)

 Divisio lateralis dextra

Since each subunit has its own supply route, the liver segments can be removed individually by surgery. The liver is still functional after the removal of a subunit, as are the removed subunits themselves. This makes a partial implantation of a liver possible.

Different views

View from dorsal on the pars superior of the facies diaphragmatica View from ventral to facies diaphragmatica View from caudal to facies visceralis

Most of the liver surface is surrounded with visceral peritoneum. However, the area nuda remains the only one free of peritoneum, its surface forming the connective tissue capsule. Outside the peritoneal covering, the usually three Vv. hepatica leave the liver. A peculiarity is that in the liver only the afferent artery and afferent V. portae hepatis as well as Ductus choledochus run in the mesohepaticum, while the efferent veins do not. At the points of transition from the visceral to the parietal peritoneum on the underside of the diaphragm, the connective tissue peritoneal epithelium appears as a "cord" (lig. coronarium). From this connective tissue structure, a small cusp (appendix fibrosa hepatis) develops on the left lobe of the liver.

From the ventral view, the two lobes of the liver, the large lobus hepatis dexter and the smaller lobus hepatis sinister, are clearly visible. The lig. falciforme hepatis runs between the two lobes. The ligamentum falciforme hepatis forms the mesohepaticum ventrale and thus the connection between the liver and the abdominal wall.

The caudal view provides a view of two more of the total four lobes of the liver: the lobus caudatus and the lobus quadratus hepatis. The hepatoduodenal ligament, together with the hepatogastric ligament, serves the liver as the mesohepaticum dorsale and is topographically part of the omentum minus. The gallbladder overhangs the inferior border of the liver with the fundus and lies close to the facies visceralis. The neck of the gallbladder points toward the hepatic orifice, where it comes into contact with the extrahepatic bile ducts.

Function

As the largest and most important metabolic organ, the liver has various tasks in the human body. It produces vital proteins and is significantly involved in the utilization of food components as well as the breakdown and excretion of substances.

Diseases

Free exploration

  • Standard
  • Fall: 1
View the structure of the liver in 3D and explore it freely. Afterwards, you can look at other cases or check your learned knowledge through the exercises.
Here you can see the liver and its individual segments.


  • Exercises
  • Further articles
  • Gall bladder
  • Colon
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